BT注射套件

BT注射套件包装插入

盐酸布比卡因注射液

布比卡因盐酸和肾上腺素注射液，美国药典
用肾上腺素1：200,000（酒石酸氢盐）

仅接收

描述

布比卡因盐酸盐是2-哌啶甲酰胺，1-丁基-N-（2,6-二甲基苯基）-，一盐酸盐，一水合物，白色结晶粉末，可溶于95％乙醇，易溶于水，易溶于氯仿或丙酮。它具有以下结构式：

肾上腺素是（-）-3,4-二羟基-α-[（（甲基氨基）甲基]苄醇。它具有以下结构式：

布比卡因有无菌等渗溶液，有和没有肾上腺素（酒石酸氢盐）1：200,000，可通过局部浸润，周围神经阻滞以及尾，腰硬膜外阻滞注射。如果布比卡因溶液不含肾上腺素，则可以高压灭菌。解决方案是透明无色的。

布比卡因在化学和药理上与氨酰基局部麻醉剂有关。它是甲哌卡因的同系物，化学上与利多卡因有关。所有这三种麻醉剂在芳香核和氨基或哌啶基团之间都含有酰胺键。它们在这方面不同于具有酯键的普鲁卡因型局部麻醉剂。

布比卡因-含有氯化钠的无菌等渗溶液。在多剂量小瓶中，每毫升还包含1毫克对羟基苯甲酸甲酯作为防腐剂。用氢氧化钠或盐酸将这些溶液的pH调节至4-6.5。

布比卡因与肾上腺素的比例为1：200,000 （酒石酸氢盐）—含有氯化钠的无菌等渗溶液。每毫升包含盐酸布比卡因和0.0091毫克肾上腺素酒石酸氢盐，0.5毫克焦亚硫酸钠，0.001毫升一硫代甘油和2毫克抗坏血酸作为抗氧化剂，0.0017毫升60％乳酸钠缓冲液和0.1毫克乙二胺四乙酸钙二钠作为稳定剂。在多剂量小瓶中，每毫升还包含1毫克对羟基苯甲酸甲酯作为防腐剂。用氢氧化钠或盐酸将这些溶液的pH调节至3.4至4.5。布比卡因0.5％与肾上腺素1：200,000（酒石酸氢盐）的比重在25°C下为1.008，在37°C下为1.008。

BT注射套件-临床药理学

局部麻醉药可能通过增加神经电刺激的阈值，减慢神经冲动的传播速度以及降低动作电位的上升速度来阻止神经冲动的产生和传导。通常，麻醉的进展与受影响的神经纤维的直径，髓鞘形成和传导速度有关。临床上，神经功能丧失的顺序如下：（1）疼痛，（2）温度，（3）触摸，（4）本体感受和（5）骨骼肌张力。

全身麻醉剂的全身吸收会对心血管和中枢神经系统（CNS）产生影响。在以正常治疗剂量达到的血药浓度下，心脏传导，兴奋性，耐火性，收缩性和外周血管阻力的变化极小。但是，有毒的血液浓度会降低心脏传导和兴奋性，这可能导致房室传导阻滞，室性心律失常和心脏骤停，有时会导致死亡。另外，心肌收缩力降低并且发生外周血管舒张，导致心输出量和动脉血压降低。最近的临床报告和动物研究表明，意外的血管内注射布比卡因后，这些心血管变化更有可能发生。因此，有必要增加剂量。

全身吸收后，局部麻醉剂可产生中枢神经系统刺激，抑郁或两者兼而有之。明显的中枢刺激表现为躁动不安，震颤和发抖发展为抽搐，随后抑郁和昏迷最终发展为呼吸停止。然而，局部麻醉剂对髓质和较高中心具有主要的抑制作用。沮丧的阶段可能没有事先的兴奋状态发生。

药代动力学：

局麻药的全身吸收率取决于所给药药物的总剂量和浓度，给药途径，给药部位的血管分布以及麻醉溶液中肾上腺素的存在与否。稀释的肾上腺素浓度（1：200,000或5 mcg / mL）通常会降低布比卡因的吸收速率和血浆峰值浓度，从而允许使用中等剂量的总剂量，有时会延长作用时间。

布比卡因起效快，麻醉持续时间长。布比卡因麻醉的持续时间明显长于任何其他常用的局部麻醉药。还应注意的是，在感觉恢复后，镇痛持续了一段时间，在此期间，减少了对强镇痛药的需求。

牙科注射后的起效时间通常为2至10分钟，在许多患者中，麻醉的持续时间可能比利多卡因和甲哌卡因的持续时间长两到三倍，在许多患者中长达7小时。肾上腺素1：200,000的添加可延长麻醉作用的持续时间。

局麻药在不同程度上与血浆蛋白结合。通常，药物的血浆浓度越低，与血浆蛋白结合的药物的百分比就越高。

局部麻醉药似乎通过被动扩散穿过胎盘。扩散的速率和程度受（1）血浆蛋白结合程度，（2）电离程度和（3）脂质溶解度程度控制。胎儿/母亲局部麻醉剂的比例似乎与血浆蛋白结合程度成反比，因为只有游离的，未结合的药物可用于胎盘转移。具有高蛋白结合能力（95％）的布比卡因具有较低的胎儿/母亲比率（0.2至0.4）。胎盘转移的程度还取决于药物的离子化程度和脂质溶解度。脂溶性非离子药物很容易从母体循环进入胎儿血液。

根据给药途径，局部麻醉剂在某种程度上分布于所有身体组织，在高度灌注的器官如肝，肺，心脏和脑中发现高浓度。

直接静脉注射后布比卡因血浆分布的药代动力学研究提出了一种三室开放模型。第一腔室以药物在血管内的快速分布为代表。第二部分代表整个高度灌注器官（例如大脑，心肌，肺，肾脏和肝脏）的药物平衡。第三隔室代表药物与不良灌注组织（例如肌肉和脂肪）的平衡。从组织分布中消除药物在很大程度上取决于循环中结合位点将其携带到肝脏进行代谢的能力。

注射布比卡因治疗人的尾，硬膜外或周围神经阻滞后，血液中布比卡因的浓度在30至45分钟内达到峰值，然后在接下来的3至6个小时内降至微不足道的水平。

肝脏或肾脏疾病的存在，肾上腺素的添加，影响尿液pH值，肾血流量，给药途径和患者年龄的因素可显着改变局部麻醉药的各种药代动力学参数。布比卡因在成人中的半衰期为2.7小时，新生儿为8.1小时。

在临床研究中，老年患者比年轻患者更快地达到了最大的镇痛作用和最大运动阻滞。老年患者在服用该产品后还表现出较高的血浆峰值浓度。这些患者的血浆总清除率降低。

酰胺类局部麻醉药（如布比卡因）主要通过与葡萄糖醛酸结合在肝脏中代谢。患有肝病的患者，尤其是患有严重肝病的患者，可能更容易接受酰胺类局部麻醉药的潜在毒性。 Pipecoloxylidine是布比卡因的主要代谢产物。

肾脏是大多数局部麻醉药及其代谢产物的主要排泄器官。尿液排泄受尿液灌注和影响尿液pH值的因素的影响。布比卡因只有6％不变地排泄在尿液中。

当以推荐剂量和浓度给药时，布比卡因通常不会产生刺激或组织损伤，并且不会引起高铁血红蛋白血症。

BT注射套件的适应症和用法

布比卡因适用于手术，牙科和口腔外科手术，诊断和治疗程序以及产科程序的局部或区域麻醉或镇痛。产科麻醉仅指示浓度为0.25％和0.5％。 （请参阅警告。）

孕妇的非产科手术程序经验不足以建议在这些患者中使用0.75％的布比卡因浓度。

不建议将布比卡因用于静脉区域麻醉（Bier Block）。请参阅警告。

布比卡因的给药途径和指示的浓度为：

∙局部渗透0.25％

∙周围神经阻滞0.25％和0.5％

∙球后阻滞0.75％

∙同情障碍0.25％

∙腰膜硬膜外0.25％，0.5％和0.75％

（0.75％不适用于产科麻醉）

∙尾0.25％和0.5％

∙硬膜外试验剂量为0.5％的肾上腺素1：200,000

∙含肾上腺素1：200,000的牙膏0.5％

（有关其他信息，请参见剂量和管理。）

应咨询标准教科书以确定布比卡因的可接受的治疗程序和技术。

禁忌症

布比卡因禁忌在产科宫颈旁阻滞麻醉中使用。它在该技术中的使用已导致胎儿心动过缓和死亡。

布比卡因禁用于对布比卡因或对任何酰胺类局部麻醉剂或布比卡因溶液的其他成分过敏的患者。

只有能够熟练诊断和管理与剂量相关的毒性和可能从方框中出现的其他急性急症的临床医生，才能使用局麻药，然后才应立即为之提供足够的保证心肺复苏设备，以及正确管理有毒反应和相关紧急情况所需的人员资源。 （另请参见不良反应，注意事项和 剂量过大。）延迟适当管理剂量相关的毒性，任何原因造成的不足和/或敏感性改变，可能导致酸病，心脏停搏症甚至死亡。

含有抗微生物防腐剂（即多剂量药瓶中提供的那些）的局部麻醉剂溶液不应用于硬膜外或尾部麻醉，因为关于鞘内注射（无论有意还是无意）此类防腐剂的安全性尚未确立。

关节镜和其他外科手术后局部麻醉剂的关节腔内输注未经批准使用，并且有上市后报道了接受此类输注的患者发生软骨溶解的报道。报告的大多数软骨溶解病例都涉及肩关节。在关节内输注有或没有肾上腺素的局部麻醉药48到72小时后，小儿和成年患者发生了盂肱软骨病的病例。没有足够的信息来确定较短的输液时间是否与这些发现无关。症状发作的时间，例如关节疼痛，僵硬和运动减退，可以改变，但可能最早在手术后第二个月开始。目前，尚无有效的软骨溶解治疗方法。经历了软骨溶解的患者需要额外的诊断和治疗程序，并且需要进行关节置换或肩关节置换。

至关重要的是，在注射任何局麻药（包括原始剂量和所有后续剂量）之前，应先抽吸血液或脑脊液（如果适用），以避免血管内或蛛网膜下腔注射。但是，负向抽吸不能确保抗血管内或蛛网膜下腔注射。

含肾上腺素1：200,000的布比卡因或其他升压药不应与麦角型催产药同时使用，因为可能会发生严重的持续性高血压。同样，在接受单胺氧化酶抑制剂（MAOI）或三联或丙咪嗪类抗抑郁药的患者中，应谨慎使用含有血管收缩剂（如肾上腺素）的布比卡因溶液，因为这可能导致严重的长期高血压。

在未满12岁的小儿患者获得更多经验之前，不建议在该年龄段使用布比卡因。

不推荐将其他局部麻醉剂与布比卡因混合使用或在先或并发使用，因为有关此类混合物的临床使用数据不足。

有报道称使用布比卡因进行静脉区域麻醉（Bier Block）会导致心脏骤停和死亡。缺乏有关该方法中布比卡因安全剂量和给药技术的信息。因此，不建议在该技术中使用布比卡因。

布比卡因与肾上腺素的比例为1：200,000，其中含有偏亚硫酸氢钠，这是一种亚硫酸盐，在某些易感人群中可能引起过敏性反应，包括过敏性症状和危及生命或不严重的哮喘发作。一般人群中亚硫酸盐敏感性的总体患病率尚不清楚，可能很低。与非哮喘患者相比，哮喘患者对亚硫酸盐的敏感性更高。不含肾上腺素的布比卡因单剂量安瓿和单剂量小瓶不含焦亚硫酸钠。

预防措施

一般：

局麻药的安全性和有效性取决于正确的剂量，正确的技术，适当的预防措施以及紧急情况的准备。复苏设备，氧气和其他复苏药物应立即可用。 （请参阅警告，不良反应和 过量。）在主要的区域神经阻滞期间，患者应通过留置导管输送静脉输液，以确保静脉通路功能正常。应当使用导致有效麻醉的最低局部麻醉剂量，以避免高血浆水平和严重的不良反应。应避免大量局部麻醉溶液的快速注射，并且在可行时应使用分次（增量）剂量。

硬膜外麻醉：

在硬膜外给予布比卡因期间，应以3 mL至5 mL的增量剂量给予0.5％和0.75％的溶液，两次给药之间应有足够的时间来检测无意中的血管内或鞘内注射的毒性表现。注射前和注射过程中，应缓慢吸出并频繁抽吸，以避免血管内注射。在连续（间歇）导管技术中，每次补充注射之前和期间也应进行注射器抽吸。即使对血液的抽吸为负，仍可以进行血管内注射。

在硬膜外麻醉的给药过程中，建议先给予测试剂量，并在给予全剂量之前监测效果。当使用“连续”导管技术时，应在原始剂量和所有补强剂量之前给予测试剂量，因为硬膜外腔中的塑料管会迁移到血管中或穿过硬脑膜。在临床情况允许时，测试剂量应包含肾上腺素（建议使用10 mcg至15 mcg），以警告不要进行血管内注射。如果将这种肾上腺素注射到血管中，则很可能在45秒内产生短暂的“肾上腺素反应”，包括心律和/或收缩压升高，周围苍白，心和神经过敏。 。镇静的患者可能仅表现出每分钟20次或更多搏动的脉搏频率增加15秒或更长时间。因此，在接受测试剂量后，应监测心率以了解心率增加。使用β受体阻滞剂的患者可能未显示心率变化，但是血压监测可以检测到收缩压的短暂升高。测试剂量还应包含10 mg至15 mg布比卡因或等量的其他局部麻醉剂，以检测意外的鞘内给药。这将在几分钟内通过脊椎阻塞的迹象得到证明（例如，臀部的感觉降低，腿部麻痹或在镇静剂患者中无膝关节抽动）。布比卡因的测试剂量制剂含有15 mg布比卡因和15 mcg肾上腺素，体积为3 mL。即使测试剂量的结果为阴性，仍可进行血管内或蛛网膜下腔注射。测试剂量本身可能产生全身毒性反应，高脊髓或肾上腺素诱导的心血管作用。

重复剂量的局部麻醉剂的注射可能由于药物或其代谢物的缓慢积累或代谢降解的缓慢而导致血浆水平显着增加。对血液水平的耐受性随患者的状况而变化。衰弱的老年患者和急性病患者应根据其年龄和身体状况减少剂量。低血压或心脏传导阻滞患者也应谨慎使用局部麻醉药。

每次局部麻醉剂注射后，应对心血管和呼吸（通气充足）生命体征和患者的意识状态进行仔细，持续的监测。在这样的时刻应该记住：躁动，焦虑，言语不连贯，头昏眼花，口角麻木和刺痛，金属味，耳鸣，头晕，视力模糊，震颤，抽搐，沮丧或嗜睡可能是预警。中枢神经系统毒性的迹象。

含有血管收缩剂的局部麻醉药溶液应谨慎使用，并应严格限制地使用在末端动脉供应的身体区域，或手指，鼻子，外耳或阴茎等其他血液供应受损的区域。患有高血压血管疾病的患者可能会表现出过度的血管收缩反应。可能导致缺血性损伤或坏死。

由于诸如布比卡因等酰胺类局部麻醉药会被肝脏代谢，因此对于肝病患者，应谨慎使用这些药物，尤其是重复剂量。患有严重肝病的患者由于通常无法代谢局部麻醉药，因此更有可能产生有毒的血浆浓度。对于心血管功能受损的患者，也应谨慎使用局部麻醉剂，因为它们可能无法补偿与这些药物产生的AV传导时间延长相关的功能改变。

如果在强效吸入麻醉药施用期间或之后使用含血管收缩剂（例如肾上腺素）的制剂，可能会导致严重的剂量相关性心律失常。在决定是否在同一患者中同时使用这些产品时，应考虑两种药物对心肌的联合作用，所用血管收缩剂的浓度和体积以及注射后的时间（如适用）。

麻醉期间使用的许多药物被认为是家族性恶性高热的潜在触发剂。由于尚不知道酰胺类局部麻醉药是否会触发该反应，并且由于无法预先预测是否需要补充全身麻醉，因此建议应使用标准的治疗方案。早期无法解释的心动过速，呼吸急促，血压不稳定和代谢性酸中毒可能在体温升高之前出现。成功的结局取决于早期诊断，迅速停止使用可疑触发剂和迅速采取治疗措施，包括氧气治疗，明确的支持措施和丹特罗。 （使用前请咨询丹特罗钠静脉注射包装说明书。）

在头颈部区域使用：将小剂量局部麻醉剂注射到头颈部区域，包括球后，牙齿和星状神经节阻滞，可能产生类似于全身毒性的不良反应，这种不良反应是无意中大剂量血管内注射所见。注射程序需要格外小心。据报道有混乱，抽搐，呼吸抑制和/或呼吸停止，以及心血管刺激或抑制。这些反应可能是由于局部麻醉药的动脉内注射以及逆行血流至脑循环所致。它们也可能是由于在球后阻滞期间视神经硬膜鞘被刺穿，而任何局部麻醉药均沿硬膜下间隙扩散至中脑。接受这些阻滞的患者应监测其循环和呼吸，并应经常观察。应立即提供复苏设备和治疗不良反应的人员。不应超过剂量建议。 （请参阅剂量和管理。）

在眼科手术中的使用：进行眼球后阻滞的临床医生应注意，有局部麻醉剂注射后有呼吸骤停的报道。与所有其他区域性手术一样，在球后阻滞之前，应确保设备，药物和人员可立即使用，以管理呼吸停止或压抑，抽搐，心脏刺激或压抑（另请参见“警告和头颈部区域使用”） ， 以上）。与其他麻醉程序一样，应在眼科阻滞后对患者进行持续监测，以查看这些不良反应的征兆，这些不良反应可能在总剂量较低时发生。

球后阻滞的浓度为0.75％布比卡因；但是，没有针对包括面部神经在内的任何其他周围神经阻滞指示这种浓度，也没有针对包括结膜在内的局部浸润指示这种浓度（请参见“适应症，用法和注意事项” ）。不建议将布比卡因与其他局部麻醉剂混合使用，因为有关此类混合物临床使用的数据不足。

当0.75％布比卡因用于球后阻滞时，通常在临床上可接受的眼外肌肌无力发作之前进行完全的角膜麻醉。因此，是否存在运动障碍而不是仅靠麻醉应决定患者是否准备手术。

牙科用途：由于麻醉时间长，当将0.5％布比卡因与肾上腺素一起用于牙科注射时，应提醒患者注意可能对舌头，嘴唇和颊粘膜造成意外伤害，并建议不要咀嚼固体食物或通过咬或探测来测试麻醉区域。

给患者的信息：

在适当的情况下，应事先告知患者，在适当地进行尾或硬膜外麻醉后，他们可能会暂时感觉减退，并且通常在身体的下半部会失去运动能力。另外，在适当的时候，医生还应该在布比卡因包装说明书中讨论其他信息，包括不良反应。

应当注意接受布比卡因牙科注射的患者不要咀嚼固体食物或咬或探查麻醉部位，直到麻醉消失（最多7小时）。

临床上重要的药物相互作用：

向接受单胺氧化酶抑制剂或三环类抗抑郁药的患者服用含肾上腺素或去甲肾上腺素的局麻药可能会导致严重的长期高血压。通常应避免同时使用这些试剂。在需要同时进行治疗的情况下，仔细的患者监测至关重要。

并用血管加压药和麦角类催产药可能会导致严重的持续性高血压或脑血管意外。

吩噻嗪和丁苯酮可能会降低或逆转肾上腺素的加压作用。

致癌，诱变，生育力受损：

尚未在动物中进行长期研究以评估盐酸布比卡因的致癌性。尚未确定突变的潜力和对布比卡因盐酸盐的生育能力的影响。

怀孕C类：

没有针对孕妇的充分且对照良好的研究。仅在潜在的益处证明对胎儿有潜在风险的情况下，才应在妊娠期使用布比卡因。当盐酸布比卡因以临床相关剂量皮下注射给怀孕的大鼠和兔子时，会产生发育毒性。这不排除在足月麻醉或镇痛时使用布比卡因。 （请参阅人工和交货）

在器官发生期间（植入至硬pa闭合），将盐酸布比卡因皮下注射给大鼠，剂量分别为4.4、13.3和40 mg / kg，向兔子注射剂量为1.3、5.8和22.2 mg / kg。高剂量相当于每日最高建议人类剂量（MRHD）400 mg /天（mg / m 2） 身体表面积（BSA）的基础。在高剂量的大鼠中未观察到胚胎-胎儿的作用，这会增加母体的致死性。在没有母体毒性的情况下，在高剂量的兔子中观察到胚胎-胎儿死亡的增加，在BSA的基础上，胎儿的未观察到的不良反应水平约为MRHD的1/5。

在大鼠的产前和产后发育研究（从植入到断奶的给药）以4.4、13.3和40 mg / kg mg / kg / day的皮下剂量进行时，观察到高剂量时幼崽的存活率降低。高剂量相当于以BSA为基础的每日MRHD 400毫克/天。

人工和交货：

请参阅有关0.75％布比卡因产科非处方使用的警告。

布比卡因是产科宫颈旁阻滞麻醉的禁忌症。

局麻药会快速穿过胎盘，当用于硬膜外，尾或阴部阻滞麻醉时，会引起不同程度的母体，胎儿和新生儿毒性。 （请参阅临床药理学，药代动力学。）毒性的发生率和程度取决于所进行的程序，所用药物的类型和数量以及给药的技术。产妇，胎儿和新生儿的不良反应涉及中枢神经系统，周围血管张力和心脏功能的改变。

产妇低血压是由区域麻醉引起的。局部麻醉药会通过阻塞交感神经而产生血管舒张作用。抬高患者的腿并将其放置在左侧将有助于防止血压下降。还应连续监测胎儿心率，强烈建议进行电子胎儿监测。

硬膜外麻醉，尾部麻醉或阴部麻醉可能通过改变子宫收缩力或驱逐母体而改变分娩力。据报道，硬膜外麻醉可通过消除产妇的向下反射力或干扰运动功能来延长第二产程。产科麻醉的使用可能会增加对钳子辅助的需求。

在分娩和分娩过程中使用某些局部麻醉药产品可能会导致一两天后的肌肉力量和语气下降。布比卡因尚无报道。

在对产妇进行区域性阻滞时，避免妊娠子宫对主动脉腔的压迫非常重要。为此，必须将患者保持在左侧卧位，否则可以在右臀部下方放置橡皮布卷或沙袋，并使子宫向左移位。

哺乳母亲：

据报道布比卡因会从人乳中排泄，这提示哺乳期婴儿理论上可能会接触到一定剂量的药物。由于布比卡因对哺乳婴儿的潜在严重不良反应的可能性，应考虑该药物对母亲的重要性，决定是否停止护理或不给予布比卡因。

儿科用途：

在未满12岁的小儿患者获得更多经验之前，不建议在该年龄段使用布比卡因。据报道，儿童持续输注布比卡因会导致较高的全身性布比卡因水平和癫痫发作。高血浆水平也可能与心血管异常有关。 （请参阅警告，注意事项和超量使用。）

老年用途：

65岁以上的患者，尤其是高血压患者，在接受布比卡因麻醉时可能会出现低血压的风险增加。 （请参阅不良反应。）

老年患者可能需要较低剂量的布比卡因。 （请参见预防措施，硬膜外麻醉和用法用量）。

在临床研究中，在老年和年轻患者之间观察到各种药代动力学参数的差异。 （请参阅临床药理学。）

已知该产品基本上被肾脏排泄，并且在肾功能受损的患者中对该药物产生毒性反应的风险可能更大。由于老年患者更容易出现肾功能下降，因此应谨慎选择剂量，这对监测肾功能可能有用。 （请参阅临床药理学。）

不良反应

对布比卡因的反应是与其他酰胺类局部麻醉药有关的反应的特征。这类药物不良反应的主要原因是血浆水平过高，这可能是由于剂量过大，无意中进行血管内注射或代谢缓慢降解所致。

需要立即采取对策的最常见的急性不良经历与中枢神经系统和心血管系统有关。 These adverse experiences are generally dose related and due to high plasma levels which may result from overdosage, rapid absorption from the injection site, diminished tolerance, or from unintentional intravascular injection of the local anesthetic solution. In addition to systemic dose-related toxicity, unintentional subarachnoid injection of drug during the intended performance of caudal or lumbar epidural block or nerve blocks near the vertebral column (especially in the head and neck region) may result in underventilation or apnea (“Total or High Spinal”). Also, hypotension due to loss of sympathetic tone and respiratory paralysis or underventilation due to cephalad extension of the motor level of anesthesia may occur. This may lead to secondary cardiac arrest if untreated. Patients over 65 years, particularly those with hypertension, may be at increased risk for experiencing the hypotensive effects of Bupivacaine. Factors influencing plasma protein binding, such as acidosis, systemic diseases which alter protein production, or competition of other drugs for protein binding sites, may diminish individual tolerance.

Central Nervous System Reactions:

These are characterized by excitation and/or depression. Restlessness, anxiety, dizziness, tinnitus, blurred vision, or tremors may occur, possibly proceeding to convulsions. However, excitement may be transient or absent, with depression being the first manifestation of an adverse reaction. This may quickly be followed by drowsiness merging into unconsciousness and respiratory arrest. Other central nervous system effects may be nausea, vomiting, chills, and constriction of the pupils.

The incidence of convulsions associated with the use of local anesthetics varies with the procedure used and the total dose administered. In a survey of studies of epidural anesthesia, overt toxicity progressing to convulsions occurred in approximately 0.1% of local anesthetic administrations.

Cardiovascular System Reactions:

High doses or unintentional intravascular injection may lead to high plasma levels and related depression of the myocardium, decreased cardiac output, heartblock, hypotension, bradycardia, ventricular arrhythmias, including ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation, and cardiac arrest. (See WARNINGS, PRECAUTIONS, and OVERDOSAGE .)

Allergic:

Allergic-type reactions are rare and may occur as a result of sensitivity to the local anesthetic or to other formulation ingredients, such as the antimicrobial preservative methylparaben contained in multiple-dose vials or sulfites in epinephrine-containing solutions. These reactions are characterized by signs such as urticaria, pruritus, erythema, angioneurotic edema (including laryngeal edema), tachycardia, sneezing, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, syncope, excessive sweating, elevated temperature, and possibly, anaphylactoid-like symptomatology (including severe hypotension). Cross sensitivity among members of the amide-type local anesthetic group has been reported. The usefulness of screening for sensitivity has not been definitely established.

Neurologic:

The incidences of adverse neurologic reactions associated with the use of local anesthetics may be related to the total dose of local anesthetic administered and are also dependent upon the particular drug used, the route of administration, and the physical status of the patient. Many of these effects may be related to local anesthetic techniques, with or without a contribution from the drug.

In the practice of caudal or lumbar epidural block, occasional unintentional penetration of the subarachnoid space by the catheter or needle may occur. Subsequent adverse effects may depend partially on the amount of drug administered intrathecally and the physiological and physical effects of a dural puncture. A high spinal is characterized by paralysis of the legs, loss of consciousness, respiratory paralysis, and bradycardia.

Neurologic effects following epidural or caudal anesthesia may include spinal block of varying magnitude (including high or total spinal block); hypotension secondary to spinal block;尿retention留fecal and urinary incontinence; loss of perineal sensation and sexual function; persistent anesthesia, paresthesia, weakness, paralysis of the lower extremities and loss of sphincter control all of which may have slow, incomplete, or no recovery;头痛; backache; septic meningitis; meningismus; slowing of labor; increased incidence of forceps delivery; and cranial nerve palsies due to traction on nerves from loss of cerebrospinal fluid.

Neurologic effects following other procedures or routes of administration may include persistent anesthesia, paresthesia, weakness, paralysis, all of which may have slow, incomplete, or no recovery.

过量

Acute emergencies from local anesthetics are generally related to high plasma levels encountered during therapeutic use of local anesthetics or to unintended subarachnoid injection of local anesthetic solution. (See ADVERSE REACTIONS, WARNINGS, and PRECAUTIONS .)

Management of Local Anesthetic Emergencies:

The first consideration is prevention, best accomplished by careful and constant monitoring of cardiovascular and respiratory vital signs and the patient's state of consciousness after each local anesthetic injection. At the first sign of change, oxygen should be administered.

The first step in the management of systemic toxic reactions, as well as underventilation or apnea due to unintentional subarachnoid injection of drug solution, consists of immediate attention to the establishment and maintenance of a patent airway and effective assisted or controlled ventilation with 100% oxygen with a delivery system capable of permitting immediate positive airway pressure by mask . This may prevent convulsions if they have not already occurred.

If necessary, use drugs to control the convulsions. A 50 mg to 100 mg bolus IV injection of succinylcholine will paralyze the patient without depressing the central nervous or cardiovascular systems and facilitate ventilation. A bolus IV dose of 5 mg to 10 mg of diazepam or 50 mg to 100 mg of thiopental will permit ventilation and counteract central nervous system stimulation, but these drugs also depress central nervous system, respiratory, and cardiac function, add to postictal depression and may result in apnea. Intravenous barbiturates, anticonvulsant agents, or muscle relaxants should only be administered by those familiar with their use. Immediately after the institution of these ventilatory measures, the adequacy of the circulation should be evaluated. Supportive treatment of circulatory depression may require administration of intravenous fluids, and when appropriate, a vasopressor dictated by the clinical situation (such as ephedrine or epinephrine to enhance myocardial contractile force).

Endotracheal intubation, employing drugs and techniques familiar to the clinician, may be indicated after initial administration of oxygen by mask if difficulty is encountered in the maintenance of a patent airway, or if prolonged ventilatory support (assisted or controlled) is indicated.

Recent clinical data from patients experiencing local anesthetic-induced convulsions demonstrated rapid development of hypoxia, hypercarbia, and acidosis with bupivacaine within a minute of the onset of convulsions. These observations suggest that oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production are greatly increased during local anesthetic convulsions and emphasize the importance of immediate and effective ventilation with oxygen which may avoid cardiac arrest.

If not treated immediately, convulsions with simultaneous hypoxia, hypercarbia, and acidosis plus myocardial depression from the direct effects of the local anesthetic may result in cardiac arrhythmias, bradycardia, asystole, ventricular fibrillation, or cardiac arrest. Respiratory abnormalities, including apnea, may occur. Underventilation or apnea due to unintentional subarachnoid injection of local anesthetic solution may produce these same signs and also lead to cardiac arrest if ventilatory support is not instituted. If cardiac arrest should occur, successful outcome may require prolonged resuscitative efforts .

The supine position is dangerous in pregnant women at term because of aortocaval compression by the gravid uterus. Therefore during treatment of systemic toxicity, maternal hypotension or fetal bradycardia following regional block, the parturient should be maintained in the left lateral decubitus position if possible, or manual displacement of the uterus off the great vessels be accomplished.

The mean seizure dosage of bupivacaine in rhesus monkeys was found to be 4.4 mg/kg with mean arterial plasma concentration of 4.5 mcg/mL. The intravenous and subcutaneous LD50 in mice is 6 mg/kg to 8 mg/kg and 38 mg/kg to 54 mg/kg respectively.

BT Injection Kit Dosage and Administration

The dose of any local anesthetic administered varies with the anesthetic procedure, the area to be anesthetized, the vascularity of the tissues, the number of neuronal segments to be blocked, the depth of anesthesia and degree of muscle relaxation required, the duration of anesthesia desired, individual tolerance, and the physical condition of the patient. The smallest dose and concentration required to produce the desired result should be administered. Dosages of Bupivacaine should be reduced for elderly and/or debilitated patients and patients with cardiac and/or liver disease. The rapid injection of a large volume of local anesthetic solution should be avoided and fractional (incremental) doses should be used when feasible.

For specific techniques and procedures, refer to standard textbooks.

There have been adverse event reports of chondrolysis in patients receiving intra-articular infusions of local anesthetics following arthroscopic and other surgical procedures. Bupivacaine is not approved for this use (see WARNINGS ∫ DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION ).

In recommended doses, Bupivacaine produces complete sensory block, but the effect on motor function differs among the three concentrations.

0.25%—when used for caudal, epidural, or peripheral nerve block, produces incomplete motor block. Should be used for operations in which muscle relaxation is not important, or when another means of providing muscle relaxation is used concurrently. Onset of action may be slower than with the 0.5% or 0.75% solutions.

0.5%— provides motor blockade for caudal, epidural, or nerve block, but muscle relaxation may be inadequate for operations in which complete muscle relaxation is essential.

0.75%—produces complete motor block. Most useful for epidural block in abdominal operations requiring complete muscle relaxation, and for retrobulbar anesthesia. Not for obstetrical anesthesia.

The duration of anesthesia with Bupivacaine is such that for most indications, a single dose is sufficient.

Maximum dosage limit must be individualized in each case after evaluating the size and physical status of the patient, as well as the usual rate of systemic absorption from a particular injection site. Most experience to date is with single doses of Bupivacaine up to 225 mg with epinephrine 1:200,000 and 175 mg without epinephrine; more or less drug may be used depending on individualization of each case.

These doses may be repeated up to once every three hours. In clinical studies to date, total daily doses have been up to 400 mg. Until further experience is gained, this dose should not be exceeded in 24 hours. The duration of anesthetic effect may be prolonged by the addition of epinephrine.

The dosages in Table 1 have generally proved satisfactory and are recommended as a guide for use in the average adult. These dosages should be reduced for elderly or debilitated patients. Until further experience is gained, Bupivacaine is not recommended for pediatric patients younger than 12 years. Bupivacaine is contraindicated for obstetrical paracervical blocks, and is not recommended for intravenous regional anesthesia (Bier Block).

Use in Epidural Anesthesia : During epidural administration of Bupivacaine, 0.5% and 0.75% solutions should be administered in incremental doses of 3 mL to 5 mL with sufficient time between doses to detect toxic manifestations of unintentional intravascular or intrathecal injection. In obstetrics, only the 0.5% and 0.25% concentrations should be used; incremental doses of 3 mL to 5 mL of the 0.5% solution not exceeding 50 mg to 100 mg at any dosing interval are recommended. Repeat doses should be preceded by a test dose containing epinephrine if not contraindicated. Use only the single-dose ampuls and single-dose vials for caudal or epidural anesthesia; the multiple-dose vials contain a preservative and therefore should not be used for these procedures.

Test Dose for Caudal and Lumbar Epidural Blocks : The Test Dose of Bupivacaine (0.5% bupivacaine with 1:200,000 epinephrine in a 3 mL ampul) is recommended for use as a test dose when clinical conditions permit prior to caudal and lumbar epidural blocks. This may serve as a warning of unintended intravascular or subarachnoid injection. (See PRECAUTIONS .) The pulse rate and other signs should be monitored carefully immediately following each test dose administration to detect possible intravascular injection, and adequate time for onset of spinal block should be allotted to detect possible intrathecal injection. An intravascular or subarachnoid injection is still possible even if results of the test dose are negative. The test dose itself may produce a systemic toxic reaction, high spinal or cardiovascular effects from the epinephrine. (See WARNINGS and OVERDOSAGE .)

Use in Dentistry : The 0.5% concentration with epinephrine is recommended for infiltration and block injection in the maxillary and mandibular area when a longer duration of local anesthetic action is desired, such as for oral surgical procedures generally associated with significant postoperative pain. The average dose of 1.8 mL (9 mg) per injection site will usually suffice; an occasional second dose of 1.8 mL (9 mg) may be used if necessary to produce adequate anesthesia after making allowance for 2 to 10 minutes onset time. (See CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY .) The lowest effective dose should be employed and time should be allowed between injections; it is recommended that the total dose for all injection sites, spread out over a single dental sitting, should not ordinarily exceed 90 mg for a healthy adult patient (ten 1.8 mL injections of 0.5% Bupivacaine with epinephrine). Injections should be made slowly and with frequent aspirations. Until further experience is gained, Bupivacaine in dentistry is not recommended for pediatric patients younger than 12 years.

Unused portions of solution not containing preservatives, ie, those supplied in single-dose ampuls and single-dose vials, should be discarded following initial use.

This product should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration whenever solution and container permit. Solutions which are discolored or which contain particulate matter should not be administered.

How is BT Injection Kit Supplied

These solutions are not for spinal anesthesia.

存放在20至25°C（68至77°F）。 [See USP Controlled Room Temperature.]

Bupivacaine ―Solutions of Bupivacaine that do not contain epinephrine may be autoclaved. Autoclave at 15-pound pressure, 121°C (250°F) for 15 minutes.

Bupivacaine with epinephrine 1:200,000 (as bitartrate)― Solutions of Bupivacaine that contain epinephrine should not be autoclaved and should be protected from light. Do not use the solution if its color is pinkish or darker than slightly yellow or if it contains a precipitate.

Revised: 10/2011
Printed in USA EN-2916
Hospira, Inc., Lake Forest, IL 60045 USA

KENALOG -40 INJECTION
( triamcinolone acetonide injectable suspension, USP )
NOT FOR USE IN NEONATES
CONTAINS BENZYL ALCOHOL
For Intramuscul ar or Intra- articular Use Only
NOT FOR INTRAVENOUS, INTRADERMAL , INTRAOCULAR, EPIDURAL, OR INTRATHECAL USE

仅Rx

描述

Kenalog® -40 Injection (triamcinolone acetonide injectable suspension, USP) is a synthetic glucocorticoid corticosteroid with anti-inflammatory action. THIS FORMULATION IS SUITABLE FOR INTRAMUSCULAR AND INTRA-ARTICULAR USE ONLY. THIS FORMULATION IS NOT FOR INTRADERMAL INJECTION.

Each mL of the sterile aqueous suspension provides 40 mg triamcinolone acetonide, with 0.65% sodium chloride for isotonicity, 0.99% (w/v) benzyl alcohol as a preservative, 0.75% carboxymethylcellulose sodium, and 0.04% polysorbate 80. Sodium hydroxide or hydrochloric acid may be present to adjust pH to 5.0 to 7.5. At the time of manufacture, the air in the container is replaced by nitrogen.

The chemical name for triamcinolone acetonide is 9-Fluoro-11β,16α,17,21-tetrahydroxypregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione cyclic 16,17-acetal with acetone. Its structural formula is:

MW 434.50

Triamcinolone acetonide occurs as a white to cream-colored, crystalline powder having not more than a slight odor and is practically insoluble in water and very soluble in alcohol.

临床药理学

糖皮质激素是天然存在的和合成的，是容易从胃肠道吸收的肾上腺皮质类固醇。

天然存在的糖皮质激素（氢化可的松和可的松），也具有保持盐的特性，被用作肾上腺皮质缺乏症的替代疗法。 Synthetic analogs such as triamcinolone are primarily used for their anti-inflammatory effects in disorders of many organ systems.

Kenalog-40 Injection has an extended duration of effect which may be sustained over a period of several weeks. Studies indicate that following a single intramuscular dose of 60 mg to 100 mg of triamcinolone acetonide, adrenal suppression occurs within 24 to 48 hours and then gradually returns to normal, usually in 30 to 40 days. This finding correlates closely with the extended duration of therapeutic action achieved with the drug.

Indications and Usage for BT Injection Kit

Intramuscular

Where oral therapy is not feasible, injectable corticosteroid therapy, including Kenalog-40 Injection (triamcinolone acetonide injectable suspension, USP) is indicated for intramuscular use as follows:

Allergic states : Control of severe or incapacitating allergic conditions intractable to adequate trials of conventional treatment in asthma, atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, drug hypersensitivity reactions, perennial or seasonal allergic rhinitis, serum sickness, transfusion reactions.

Dermatologic diseases : Bullous dermatitis herpetiformis, exfoliative erythroderma, mycosis fungoides, pemphigus, severe erythema multiforme (Stevens-Johnson syndrome).

Endocrine disorders : Primary or secondary adrenocortical insufficiency (hydrocortisone or cortisone is the drug of choice; synthetic analogs may be used in conjunction with mineralocorticoids where applicable; in infancy, mineralocorticoid supplementation is of particular importance), congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hypercalcemia associated with cancer, nonsuppurative thyroiditis.

Gastrointestinal diseases : To tide the patient over a critical period of the disease in regional enteritis and ulcerative colitis.

Hematologic disorders : Acquired (autoimmune) hemolytic anemia, Diamond-Blackfan anemia, pure red cell aplasia, selected cases of secondary thrombocytopenia.

Miscellaneous: Trichinosis with neurologic or myocardial involvement, tuberculous meningitis with subarachnoid block or impending block when used with appropriate antituberculous chemotherapy.

Neoplastic diseases: For the palliative management of leukemias and lymphomas.

Nervous system : Acute exacerbations of multiple sclerosis;与原发性或转移性脑肿瘤或开颅手术相关的脑水肿。

Ophthalmic diseases : Sympathetic ophthalmia, temporal arteritis, uveitis, and ocular inflammatory conditions unresponsive to topical corticosteroids.

Renal diseases : To induce diuresis or remission of proteinuria in idiopathic nephrotic syndrome or that due to lupus erythematosus.

Respiratory diseases : Berylliosis, fulminating or disseminated pulmonary tuberculosis when used concurrently with appropriate antituberculous chemotherapy, idiopathic eosinophilic pneumonias, symptomatic sarcoidosis.

Rheumatic disorders : As adjunctive therapy for short-term administration (to tide the patient over an acute episode or exacerbation) in acute gouty arthritis;急性风湿性心脏病；强直性脊柱炎;银屑病关节炎；类风湿关节炎，包括青少年类风湿关节炎（部分病例可能需要低剂量维持治疗）。用于治疗皮肌炎，多发性肌炎和系统性红斑狼疮。

Intra-Articular

The intra- articular or soft tissue administration of Kenalog-40 Injection is indicated as adjunctive therapy for short-term administration (to tide the patient over an acute episode or exacerbation) in acute gouty arthritis, acute and subacute bursitis, acute nonspecific tenosynovitis, epicondylitis, rheumatoid arthritis, synovitis, or osteoarthritis.

禁忌症

Kenalog-40 Injection is contraindicated in patients who are hypersensitive to any components of this product (see WARNINGS: General ).

肌注皮质类固醇制剂不可用于特发性血小板减少性紫癜。

警告事项

一般

Exposure to excessive amounts of benzyl alcohol has been associated with toxicity (hypotension, metabolic acidosis), particularly in neonates, and an increased incidence of kernicterus, particularly in small preterm infants. There have been rare reports of deaths, primarily in preterm infants, associated with exposure to excessive amounts of benzyl alcohol. The amount of benzyl alcohol from medications is usually considered negligible compared to that received in flush solutions containing benzyl alcohol. Administration of high dosages of medications containing this preservative must take into account the total amount of benzyl alcohol administered. The amount of benzyl alcohol at which toxicity may occur is not known. If the patient requires more than the recommended dosages or other medications containing this preservative, the practitioner must consider the daily metabolic load of benzyl alcohol from these combined sources (see PRECAUTIONS: Pediatric Use ).

Rare instances of anaphylaxis have occurred in patients receiving corticosteroid therapy (see ADVERSE REACTIONS ). Cases of serious anaphylaxis, including death, have been reported in individuals receiving triamcinolone acetonide injection, regardless of the route of administration.

Because Kenalog-40 Injection (triamcinolone acetonide injectable suspension, USP) is a suspension, it should not be administered intravenously.

Unless a deep intramuscular injection is given, local atrophy is likely to occur. (For recommendations on injection techniques, see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION .) Due to the significantly higher incidence of local atrophy when the material is injected into the deltoid area, this injection site should be avoided in favor of the gluteal area.

Increased dosage of rapidly acting corticosteroids is indicated in patients on corticosteroid therapy subjected to any unusual stress before, during, and after the stressful situation. Kenalog-40 Injection is a long-acting preparation, and is not suitable for use in acute stress situations. To avoid drug-induced adrenal insufficiency, supportive dosage may be required in times of stress (such as trauma, surgery, or severe illness) both during treatment with Kenalog-40 Injection and for a year afterwards.

Results from one multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled study with methylprednisolone hemisuccinate, an intravenous corticosteroid, showed an increase in early (at 2 weeks) and late (at 6 months) mortality in patients with cranial trauma who were determined not to have other clear indications for corticosteroid treatment. High doses of systemic corticosteroids, including Kenalog-40 Injection, should not be used for the treatment of traumatic brain injury.

心肺

平均和大剂量的皮质类固醇可引起血压升高，盐分和水分retention留，并增加钾的排泄。 These effects are less likely to occur with the synthetic derivatives except when they are used in large doses. Dietary salt restriction and potassium supplementation may be necessary (see PRECAUTIONS ).所有皮质类固醇都会增加钙排泄。

文献报道表明，在最近的心肌梗塞后，使用皮质类固醇与左心室游离壁破裂之间存在明显的联系。因此，在这些患者中应谨慎使用糖皮质激素治疗。

内分泌

Corticosteroids can produce reversible hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis suppression with the potential for glucocorticosteroid insufficiency after withdrawal of treatment.

甲状腺功能减退症患者皮质类固醇的代谢清除率降低，甲状腺功能亢进患者升高。患者甲状腺状态的改变可能需要调整剂量。

传染病

一般

服用皮质类固醇的患者比健康个体更容易感染。当使用皮质类固醇激素时，耐药性可能降低，并且无法定位感染。在身体的任何位置感染任何病原体（病毒，细菌，真菌，原生动物或蠕虫）可能与单独使用皮质类固醇或与其他免疫抑制剂联合使用有关。这些感染可能是轻度到重度。随着皮质类固醇剂量的增加，感染并发症的发生率增加。皮质类固醇也可能掩盖当前感染的某些迹象。

真菌感染

皮质类固醇可能加重全身性真菌感染，因此除非存在控制药物反应所需的皮质类固醇激素，否则不应使用此类药物。 There have been cases reported in which concomitant use of amphotericin B and hydrocortisone was followed by cardiac enlargement and congestive heart failure (see PRECAUTIONS: Drug Interactions : Amphotericin B injection and potassium-depleting agents ).

特殊病原体

Latent disease may be activated or there may be an exacerbation of intercurrent infections due to pathogens, including those caused by Amoeba , Candida , Cryptococcus , Mycobacterium , Nocardia