Fossaoprin SPG2注射系统

盐酸利多卡因-盐酸利多卡因注射液

的水溶液
渗透和神经阻滞
安瓿
塑料多剂量Fliptop样品瓶
玻璃撕裂小瓶

仅Rx

1.1说明

盐酸利多卡因注射液，USP是盐酸利多卡因的无菌，无热原的注射用水溶液，用于各种浓度的肠胃外给药，其特性如下：

多剂量药瓶含有0.1％的对羟基苯甲酸甲酯作为防腐剂。可能包含氢氧化钠和/或盐酸以调节pH。 pH为6.5（5.0至7.0）。有关各种尺寸和强度，请参见“如何提供”部分。

利多卡因是酰胺类的局部麻醉剂。

盐酸利多卡因（USP）化学名称为2-（二乙氨基）-N-（2,6-二甲基苯基）-乙酰胺一盐酸盐一水合物，白色粉末，易溶于水。分子量为288.82。它具有以下结构式：

用于塑料瓶的半刚性瓶是由特殊配制的聚烯烃制成的。它是乙烯和丙烯的共聚物。塑料的安全性已通过根据USP塑料容器生物学标准在动物中进行的测试得到确认。容器不需要蒸气屏障即可保持适当的药物浓度。

1.2临床药理学

.1作用机理

利多卡因通过抑制脉冲的引发和传导所需的离子通量来稳定神经元膜，从而实现局部麻醉作用。

.2血液动力学

过多的血液水平可能导致心输出量，总外周阻力和平均动脉压的变化。由于中枢神经阻滞，这些变化可能归因于自主神经纤维的阻滞，局部麻醉剂对心血管系统各种成分的直接抑制作用和/或肾上腺素的β-肾上腺素受体刺激作用。当不超过推荐剂量时，净效果通常是中等程度的低血压。

.3药代动力学和代谢

来自不同制剂，浓度和用法的信息表明，肠胃外给药后利多卡因被完全吸收，其吸收速率取决于多种因素，例如给药部位和是否存在血管收缩药。除血管内给药外，肋间神经阻滞后的血液水平最高，皮下给药后的血液水平最低。

利多卡因的血浆结合取决于药物浓度，结合的分数随浓度增加而降低。在每毫升1至4 mcg游离碱浓度下，60％至80％的利多卡因与蛋白质结合。结合也取决于α-1-酸糖蛋白的血浆浓度。

利多卡因可能通过被动扩散穿过血脑屏障和胎盘屏障。

利多卡因被肝脏迅速代谢，而代谢产物和未改变的药物则经肾脏排泄。生物转化包括氧化性N-脱烷基，环羟基化，酰胺键的裂解和缀合。 N-脱烷基化是生物转化的主要途径，其产生的代谢产物是单乙基甘氨酸二糖苷和甘氨酸二糖苷。这些代谢物的药理/毒理作用类似于利多卡因，但作用较弱。施用的利多卡因约90％以各种代谢物的形式排泄，少于10％的原状排泄。尿液中的主要代谢物是4-羟基-2，6-二甲基苯胺的结合物。

静脉推注后利多卡因的消除半衰期通常为1.5到2.0小时。由于利多卡因的快速代谢，任何影响肝功能的疾病都可能改变利多卡因的动力学。肝功能不全患者的半衰期可能会延长两倍或更多。肾功能不全不会影响利多卡因动力学，但可能会增加代谢产物的积累。

酸中毒以及使用中枢神经系统兴奋剂和抑制剂等因素会影响产生明显全身作用所需的利多卡因中枢神经系统水平。随着静脉血浆水平升高至每毫升6.0 mcg游离碱以上，客观的不良表现变得越来越明显。在恒河猴中，动脉血水平为18-21 mcg / mL已被证明是惊厥活动的阈值。

1.3适应症和用途

盐酸利多卡因注射液可通过渗透技术（例如经皮注射）和静脉内区域麻醉（通过周围神经阻滞技术（例如臂丛和肋间）和中枢神经技术（例如腰椎和尾硬膜外阻滞）进行渗透，以产生局部或区域麻醉）遵守标准教科书中描述的这些技术的公认程序。

1.4禁忌症

利多卡因禁用于对酰胺类局部麻醉药有过敏史的患者。

1.5警告

盐酸利多卡因注射液，用于渗透和神经阻滞，应该只有受雇于临床医生非常熟悉的诊断和管理的剂量相关毒性等急性突发事件方面可能出现从块所采用，然后只后如何保证即将上市氧气，其他复苏药，心肺设备以及正确管理毒性反应和相关紧急情况所需的人员（另请参阅不良反应和预防措施）。剂量相关毒性的适当管理，任何原因和/或敏感性改变造成的不良认识都可能导致酸病，心脏骤停甚至死亡。

关节镜和其他外科手术后局部麻醉剂的关节腔内输注未经批准使用，并且有上市后报道了接受此类输注的患者发生软骨溶解的报道。报告的大多数软骨溶解病例都涉及肩关节。在关节内输注有或没有肾上腺素的局部麻醉药48到72小时后，小儿和成年患者发生了盂肱软骨病的病例。没有足够的信息来确定较短的输液时间是否与这些发现无关。症状发作的时间，例如关节疼痛，僵硬和运动减退，可以改变，但可能最早在手术后第二个月开始。目前，尚无有效的软骨溶解治疗方法。经历了软骨溶解的患者需要额外的诊断和治疗程序，并且需要进行关节置换或肩关节置换。

为避免血管内注射，应在注射局麻药之前进行抽吸。必须重新放置针头，直到无法通过抽吸引出血液。但是请注意，注射器中没有血液并不能保证避免进行血管内注射。

含有抗微生物防腐剂（例如对羟基苯甲酸甲酯）的局麻药不应用于硬膜外或脊柱麻醉，因为这些药物在鞘内注射中的安全性（无论是有意还是无意的）尚未确定。

1.6注意事项

.1一般

利多卡因的安全性和有效性取决于正确的剂量，正确的技术，适当的预防措施以及紧急情况的准备。有关各种区域麻醉程序的具体技术和注意事项，应查阅标准教科书。

复苏设备，氧气和其他复苏药物应可立即使用。 （请参阅警告和不良反应）。应当采用能有效麻醉的最低剂量，以避免高血浆水平和严重的不良反应。使用留置导管技术时，也应在每次补充注射之前和期间进行注射器抽吸。在硬膜外麻醉的给药过程中，建议先给药试验剂量，并在继续治疗前，应监测患者的中枢神经系统毒性和心血管毒性，以及意外鞘内给药的迹象。当临床条件允许时，应考虑采用含有肾上腺素作为测试剂量的局部麻醉溶液，因为与肾上腺素相容的循环变化也可能会引起意外血管内注射的警告信号。即使对血液的抽吸为负，仍可以进行血管内注射。重复剂量的利多卡因可能会导致药物或代谢产物缓慢积累，因此每次重复剂量都会导致血药浓度显着增加。对血液水平的耐受性随患者的状况而变化。虚弱的老年患者，急性病患者和儿童应根据其年龄和身体状况减少剂量。严重休克或心脏传导阻滞的患者也应谨慎使用利多卡因。患有以下情况的患者应谨慎使用腰椎和尾部硬膜外麻醉：现有的神经系统疾病，脊柱畸形，败血病和严重高血压。

在端动脉提供的身体区域或血液供应受到损害的地方，应谨慎使用含有血管收缩剂的局麻药，并小心谨慎地加以限制。患有周围血管疾病的患者和患有高血压血管疾病的患者可能会表现出过度的血管收缩反应。可能导致缺血性损伤或坏死。在使用强效全身麻醉剂期间或之后，应谨慎使用含血管收缩药的制剂，因为在这种情况下可能会发生心律不齐。

每次局部麻醉剂注射后，应完成对心血管和呼吸（通气充足）生命体征和患者意识状态的仔细，持续的监测。在这样的时刻应该牢记：躁动，焦虑，耳鸣，头晕，视力模糊，震颤，抑郁或嗜睡可能是中枢神经系统毒性的预警信号。

由于酰胺类局部麻醉药被肝脏代谢，因此在肝病患者中应谨慎使用利多卡因。患有严重肝病的患者由于通常无法代谢局部麻醉药，因此更有可能产生有毒的血浆浓度。心血管功能受损的患者也应谨慎使用利多卡因，因为它们可能无法补偿与这些药物产生的AV传导延长有关的功能改变。在麻醉过程中使用的许多药物被认为是家族性恶性高热的潜在触发剂。由于尚不知道酰胺类局部麻醉药是否会触发该反应，并且由于无法预先预测是否需要补充全身麻醉，因此建议应提供治疗恶性高热的标准方案。早期无法解释的心动过速，呼吸急促，血压不稳定和代谢性酸中毒可能在体温升高之前出现。成功的结局取决于早期诊断，可疑触发剂的迅速停用以及治疗的机构，包括氧气治疗，明确的支持措施和丹特林（使用前请咨询丹特罗钠静脉包装说明书）。

如出版物和标准教科书所述，适当的止血带技术对于进行静脉区域麻醉至关重要。含有肾上腺素或其他血管收缩剂的溶液不应用于该技术。

已知药物敏感性的人应谨慎使用利多卡因。对对氨基苯甲酸衍生物（普鲁卡因，丁卡因，苯佐卡因等）过敏的患者尚未表现出对利多卡因的交叉敏感性。

.2在头颈部区域使用

小剂量局部麻醉剂注入头颈部区域，包括球后，牙齿和星状神经节阻滞，可能产生类似于全身性毒性的不良反应，这种不良反应是无意中大剂量血管内注射所见。据报道有混乱，抽搐，呼吸抑制和/或呼吸停止以及心血管刺激或抑郁。这些反应可能是由于局部麻醉剂的动脉内注射以及逆行血流至脑循环所致。接受这些阻滞的患者应监测其循环和呼吸，并应经常观察。应立即提供复苏设备和治疗不良反应的人员。不应超过剂量建议。 （请参阅剂量和管理）。

.4给患者的信息

在适当的情况下，应提前告知患者可能会暂时失去感觉和运动活动，通常在硬膜外麻醉后的下半身。

.5具有临床意义的药物相互作用

向接受单胺氧化酶抑制剂或三环类抗抑郁药的患者服用含有肾上腺素或去甲肾上腺素的局麻药可能会导致严重的长期高血压。

吩噻嗪和丁苯酮可能会降低或逆转肾上腺素的加压作用。

通常应避免同时使用这些试剂。在需要同时进行治疗的情况下，仔细的患者监测至关重要。

并用血管加压药（用于治疗与产科阻滞有关的低血压）和麦角型含氧药物可能会导致严重的持续性高血压或脑血管意外。

.6药物实验室测试的相互作用

肌肉注射利多卡因可能导致肌酸磷酸激酶水平升高。因此，肌内注射利多卡因可能会损害在不进行同工酶分离的情况下测定这种酶作为急性心肌梗塞的诊断测试的用途。

.7致癌，诱变，生育力受损

尚未进行动物利多卡因研究以评估其致癌和致突变性或对生育力的影响。

.8怀孕

已在大鼠中进行了高达人类剂量6.6倍的剂量的生殖研究，但没有发现利多卡因对胎儿造成伤害的证据。但是，尚无对孕妇的适当且对照良好的研究。动物繁殖研究并不总是能预测人类的反应。对有生育能力的妇女服用利多卡因之前，应特别考虑这一事实，尤其是在怀孕初期，当器官发生最大时。

.9劳工和交付

局部麻醉药会迅速穿过胎盘，用于硬膜外，宫颈旁，阴部或尾部阻滞麻醉时，会引起不同程度的母体，胎儿和新生儿毒性（请参阅《临床药理学—药代动力学》 ）。潜在的毒性取决于所执行的程序，所用药物的类型和数量以及药物施用的技术。产妇，胎儿和新生儿的不良反应涉及中枢神经系统外周血管张力和心脏功能的改变。

产妇低血压是由区域麻醉引起的。局部麻醉药会通过阻塞交感神经而产生血管舒张作用。抬高患者的腿并将其放置在左侧将有助于防止血压下降。还应连续监测胎儿心率，强烈建议进行电子胎儿监测。

硬膜外，脊柱，宫颈旁或阴部麻醉可通过改变子宫收缩力或驱逐母体来改变分娩力。在一项研究中，子宫颈旁阻滞麻醉与平均一期分娩时间的减少和宫颈扩张的促进有关。但是，据报道，脊髓麻醉和硬膜外麻醉可通过消除产妇的反射力降低或干扰运动功能来延长第二产程。产科麻醉的使用可能会增加对钳子辅助的需求。

在分娩和分娩过程中使用某些局部麻醉药产品可能会导致一两天后的肌肉力量和语气下降。这些观察的长期意义是未知的。接受酰胺类局部麻醉剂接受宫颈旁神经阻滞麻醉的患者中，可能有20％至30％发生胎儿心动过缓，并可能与胎儿酸中毒有关。宫颈旁麻醉期间应始终监测胎儿心率。在考虑早产，妊娠毒血症和胎儿窘迫的子宫颈旁阻滞时，医生应权衡可能的优势与风险。在产科子宫颈旁阻滞中，严格遵守推荐剂量至关重要。如果未能达到推荐剂量的充分镇痛效果，应引起怀疑是血管内注射或胎儿颅内注射。在预期的宫颈旁或阴部阻滞或两者同时发生后，已经报道了与意外颅内注射局麻药相容的病例。如此受影响的婴儿在出生时会出现无法解释的新生儿抑郁症，这与较高的局部麻醉药血清水平相关，并且通常在六小时内表现为癫痫发作。迅速使用支持性措施与局部麻醉药的强制性尿排泄相结合已成功用于治疗该并发症。

妊娠早期使用某些局部麻醉剂治疗宫颈旁旁阻塞（作为选择性流产的麻醉剂）后，母亲惊厥和心血管衰竭的病例报告表明，在这种情况下全身吸收可能很快。不应超过每种药物的建议最大剂量。注射应缓慢并经常吸出。两边间隔5分钟。

.10护理母亲

尚不清楚该药物是否从人乳中排泄。由于许多药物是从人乳中排出的，因此当对哺乳妇女服用利多卡因时应格外小心。

.11儿科用途

应根据年龄，体重和身体状况减少儿科患者的剂量（请参阅剂量和管理）。

1.7不良反应

.1全身

利多卡因给药后的不良反应与使用其他酰胺类局部麻醉剂观察到的不良反应本质上相似。这些不良经历通常与剂量有关，可能是由于过量剂量，快速吸收或不经意地进行血管内注射引起的血浆水平升高，或者可能是由于患者的超敏反应，特发性或耐受性降低。严重的不良经历通常是系统性的。以下是最常报告的类型：

中枢神经系统表现为兴奋性和/或抑郁性，其特征可能是头昏，神经质，忧虑，欣快，神志不清，头昏眼花，嗜睡，耳鸣，视力模糊或复视，呕吐，热感，冷或麻木，抽搐，震颤，抽搐意识不清，呼吸抑制和逮捕。兴奋性表现可能非常短暂，也可能根本没有发生，在这种情况下，毒性的第一个表现可能是嗜睡合并为昏迷和呼吸停止。

服用利多卡因后出现嗜睡现象通常是药物血液水平过高的早期迹象，并且可能由于快速吸收而发生。

心血管表现通常是抑郁性的，其特征是心动过缓，低血压和心血管衰竭，这可能导致心脏骤停。

过敏反应的特征是皮肤损伤，荨麻疹，水肿或类过敏反应。对局部麻醉药或对多剂量小瓶中用作防腐剂的对羟基苯甲酸甲酯敏感可能导致过敏反应。对利多卡因敏感的过敏反应极为罕见，如果发生，应通过常规方法进行处理。通过皮肤测试来检测敏感性具有可疑的价值。

与使用局部麻醉剂相关的不良反应的发生率可能与所施用的局部麻醉剂的总剂量有关，并且还取决于所使用的特定药物，给药途径和患者的身体状况。在对10,440例接受利多卡因腰麻治疗的患者进行的前瞻性研究中，据报道，由于位置性头痛，低血压和腰酸而引起的不良反应分别约为3％。发抖的百分之二；周围神经症状，恶心，呼吸功能不全和复视各占不足1％。这些观察中的许多可能与局部麻醉技术有关，有或没有来自局部麻醉的贡献。

在尾部或腰部硬膜外阻滞的实践中，偶尔会发生导管意外穿刺蛛网膜下腔的情况。随后的不良反应可能部分取决于硬膜下给药的药物量。

这些可能包括大小不等的脊柱阻滞（包括全部脊柱阻滞），继发于脊柱阻滞的低血压，膀胱和肠道控制功能丧失以及会阴部感觉和性功能丧失。在极少数情况下，当尝试了尾或腰椎硬膜阻滞时，已经报告了一些较低的脊柱节段持续性运动，感觉和/或自主神经（括约肌控制）缺陷，恢复缓慢（数月）或恢复不完全。使用这些麻醉程序后，还出现了腰酸和头痛。

有报道说眼球后永久性损伤眼外肌需要手术修复。

1.8过量

局麻药引起的急性紧急情况通常与局麻药的治疗使用过程中遇到的血浆水平过高或与局麻下蛛网膜下腔注射局麻药有关（请参阅不良反应，警告和注意事项）。

.1局部麻醉紧急情况的管理

首先要考虑的是预防，最好通过在每次局部麻醉剂注射后仔细监测心血管和呼吸系统生命体征以及患者的意识状态来实现。出现变化的最初迹象时，应使用氧气。

处理惊厥以及因意外蛛网膜下腔注射药液引起的通气不足或呼吸暂停的第一步是立即注意维持专利气道，并辅助或控制氧气通气，并采用能够立即通气的输送系统。面罩的气道正压。采取这些通气措施后，应立即评估循环的充分性，请记住，用于静脉抽搐的治疗抽搐的药物有时会抑制循环。尽管有足够的呼吸支持，惊厥仍应持续，并且如果循环状态允许，则可以静脉内施用少量的超短效巴比妥酸盐（如硫喷妥钠或噻虫胺）或苯二氮卓（如安定）。在使用局麻药之前，临床医生应熟悉这些抗惊厥药物。循环性抑郁症的支持治疗可能需要根据临床情况（例如，麻黄碱）给予静脉输液，并在适当时给予升压药。

如果不立即治疗，惊厥和心血管抑制均可导致缺氧，酸中毒，心动过缓，心律不齐和心脏骤停。如果因无意穿刺蛛网膜下腔注射局部麻醉药而引起的通气不足或呼吸暂停，可能会产生这些相同的征兆，如果不采用通气支持，也会导致心脏骤停。如果发生心脏骤停，应采取标准的心肺复苏措施。

初次通过口罩给氧后，如果维持呼吸道通畅困难，或者需要长期（辅助或控制）通气支持，则应采用气管插管，采用临床医生熟悉的药物和技术。

在利多卡因治疗急性过量时，透析的价值微不足道。

非禁食雌性大鼠口服利多卡因盐酸盐的LD 50为459（346–773）mg / kg（以盐计）和禁食雌性大鼠为214（159–324）mg / kg（以盐计）。

1.9剂量和管理

表1（推荐剂量）总结了各种麻醉程序中盐酸利多卡因注射液USP的建议体积和浓度。该表中建议的剂量适用于正常健康成年人，是指使用不含肾上腺素的溶液。当需要大容量时，仅应使用含有肾上腺素的溶液，除非可能禁止使用升压药。

有关节镜检查和其他外科手术后接受局部麻醉药关节内输注的患者发生软骨溶解的不良事件报告。利多卡因未获准用于此用途（请参阅“警告和剂量与管理” ）。

这些推荐剂量仅作为大多数常规程序所需麻醉剂量的指南。实际使用的体积和浓度取决于许多因素，例如外科手术的类型和程度，麻醉深度和所需的肌肉松弛程度，所需的麻醉时间以及患者的身体状况。在所有情况下，应给出将产生所需结果的最低浓度和最小剂量。儿童，老年人和虚弱的患者以及患有心脏和/或肝病的患者应减少剂量。

麻醉的开始，麻醉的持续时间和肌肉松弛的程度与所用局部麻醉药的体积和浓度（即总剂量）成正比。因此，盐酸利多卡因注射液的体积和浓度的增加将减少麻醉的发作，延长麻醉的持续时间，提供更大程度的肌肉松弛并增加麻醉的分段扩散。但是，当在硬膜外麻醉中使用时，增加盐酸利多卡因注射液的体积和浓度可能会导致血压的下降幅度更大。尽管利多卡因的副作用的发生率很低，但是在使用大剂量和大量使用时应谨慎，因为副作用的发生率与注射的局部麻醉剂的总剂量成正比。

对于静脉内区域麻醉，应仅使用50 mL含0.5％盐酸利多卡因注射液，USP的单剂量小瓶。

.1硬膜外麻醉

对于硬膜外麻醉，仅推荐使用下列可用的特定产品，Hospira的盐酸利多卡因注射液：

尽管这些溶液专门用于硬膜外麻醉，但如果它们以单剂量单位使用，也可以用于浸润和周围神经阻滞。这些溶液不含抑菌剂。在硬膜外麻醉中，剂量随所要麻醉的皮套数量而变化（通常每个皮套使用2–3 mL所示浓度）。

为了预防有时会意外穿刺蛛网膜下腔后出现的不良经验，应在注射腰椎或尾椎所需的总体积前至少5分钟给予2至3 mL 1.5％盐酸利多卡因盐酸盐的测试剂量硬膜外阻滞。如果患者以可能使导管移位的方式移动，则应重复测试剂量。如果测试剂量中包含肾上腺素（建议使用10-15 mcg），可能会警告无意中进行血管内注射。如果将这种肾上腺素注射到血管中，则很可能在45秒内产生短暂的“肾上腺素反应”，包括心律和收缩压升高，环面苍白，心and和神经过敏。镇静的患者可能仅表现出每分钟20次或更多搏动的脉搏频率增加15秒或更长时间。使用β受体阻滞剂的患者可能未显示心率变化，但是血压监测可以检测到收缩压的逐渐升高。每次测试剂量给药后，应有足够的时间开始麻醉。应避免通过导管快速注射大量盐酸利多卡因注射液，并且在可行的情况下，应分次给药。

如果已知向蛛网膜下腔中注入大量局部麻醉药，则应在适当的复苏后并且在导管就位的情况下，考虑通过排出适量的脑脊液（例如10 mL）来尝试恢复药物）通过硬膜外导管。

.2最大推荐剂量

注意：此插入物随附的产品不含肾上腺素。

对于正常健康的成年人，盐酸利多卡因与肾上腺素的个体最大推荐剂量不应超过7 mg / kg（3.5 mg / lb）体重，通常建议最大总剂量不超过500 mg。当不使用肾上腺素使用时，最大个人剂量不应超过4.5 mg / kg（2 mg / lb）体重，通常建议最大总剂量不超过300 mg。对于连续硬膜外或尾巴麻醉，不应在少于90分钟的间隔内给予最大推荐剂量。当非产科手术使用连续的腰椎或尾硬膜外麻醉时，如果需要进行足够的麻醉，可以使用更多药物。

在产科患者和非产科患者中，每90分钟盐酸利多卡因用于宫颈旁阻滞的最大推荐剂量为200毫克。通常将总剂量的一半分配给每一侧。两面之间缓慢注入五分钟。 （另请参阅“注意事项”中有关子宫颈阻滞的讨论）。

对于静脉区域麻醉，成人的剂量不应超过4 mg / kg。

很难为儿童推荐任何药物的最大剂量，因为最大剂量随年龄和体重而变化。对于3岁以上，体重正常且身体发育正常的儿童，最大剂量由儿童的年龄和体重决定。例如，对于5岁，体重50磅的孩子，盐酸利多卡因的剂量不应超过75 100毫克（1.5 2毫克/磅）。建议使用更多稀释溶液（即0.25 0.5％）和总剂量不超过3 mg / kg（1.4 mg / lb）诱导儿童进行静脉区域麻醉。

为了防止全身毒性，应始终使用最低有效浓度和最低有效剂量。在某些情况下，有必要用0.9％的氯化钠注射液稀释可用浓度，以获得所需的最终浓度。

只要溶液和容器允许，在给药前应目视检查肠胃外药品是否有颗粒物质和变色。不应使用已变色和/或包含颗粒物的溶液。

* Dose determined by number of dermatomes to be anesthetized (2 to 3 mL/dermatome).

THE ABOVE SUGGESTED CONCENTRATIONS AND VOLUMES SERVE ONLY AS A GUIDE. OTHER VOLUMES AND CONCENTRATIONS MAY BE USED PROVIDED THE TOTAL MAXIMUM RECOMMENDED DOSE IS NOT EXCEEDED.

Disinfecting agents containing heavy metals, which cause release of respective ions (mercury, zinc, copper, etc.) should not be used for skin or mucous membrane disinfection as they have been related to incidence of swelling and edema. When chemical disinfection of multi-dose vials is desired, either isopropyl alcohol (91%) or 70% ethyl alcohol is recommended. Many commercially available brands of rubbing alcohol, as well as solutions of ethyl alcohol not of USP grade, contain denaturants which are injurious to rubber and, therefore, are not to be used. It is recommended that chemical disinfection be accomplished by wiping the vial stopper thoroughly with cotton or gauze that has been moistened with the recommended alcohol just prior to use.

1.10 HOW SUPPLIED

Lidocaine Hydrochloride Injection, USP is supplied as follows:

Store at 20 to 25°C (68 to 77°F). [see USP Controlled Room Temperature.]

Lidocaine Hydrochloride Injection, USP solutions packaged in ampuls and glass teartop vials may be autoclaved one time only. Autoclave at 15 pounds pressure, 121°C (250°F) for 15 minutes. DO NOT AUTOCLAVE PRODUCT IN PLASTIC VIALS.

LAB-1118-2.0

01/2018

MARCAINE- bupivacaine hydrochloride injection, solution

Marcaine TM

Bupivacaine Hydrochloride Injection, USP

Marcaine TM

With Epinephrine 1:200,000 (as bitartrate)

Bupivacaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine Injection, USP Rx only

Fossaoprin SPG2 Injection System Description

Bupivacaine hydrochloride is 2-Piperidinecarboxamide, 1-butyl- N -(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-, monohydrochloride, monohydrate, a white crystalline powder that is freely soluble in 95 percent ethanol, soluble in water, and slightly soluble in chloroform or acetone.它具有以下结构式：

Epinephrine is (-)-3,4-Dihydroxy-α-[(methylamino)methyl] benzyl alcohol.它具有以下结构式：

MARCAINE is available in sterile isotonic solutions with and without epinephrine (as bitartrate) 1:200,000 for injection via local infiltration, peripheral nerve block, and caudal and lumbar epidural blocks. Solutions of MARCAINE may be autoclaved if they do not contain epinephrine. Solutions are clear and colorless.

Bupivacaine is related chemically and pharmacologically to the aminoacyl local anesthetics. It is a homologue of mepivacaine and is chemically related to lidocaine. All three of these anesthetics contain an amide linkage between the aromatic nucleus and the amino, or piperidine group. They differ in this respect from the procaine-type local anesthetics, which have an ester linkage.

MARCAINE —Sterile isotonic solutions containing sodium chloride. In multiple-dose vials, each mL also contains 1 mg methylparaben as antiseptic preservative. The pH of these solutions is adjusted to between 4 and 6.5 with sodium hydroxide or hydrochloric acid.

MARCAINE with epinephrine 1:200,000 (as bitartrate)—Sterile isotonic solutions containing sodium chloride. Each mL contains bupivacaine hydrochloride and 0.0091 mg epinephrine bitartrate, with 0.5 mg sodium metabisulfite, 0.001 mL monothioglycerol, and 2 mg ascorbic acid as antioxidants, 0.0017 mL 60% sodium lactate buffer, and 0.1 mg edetate calcium disodium as stabilizer. In multiple-dose vials, each mL also contains 1 mg methylparaben as antiseptic preservative. The pH of these solutions is adjusted to between 3.4 and 4.5 with sodium hydroxide or hydrochloric acid. The specific gravity of MARCAINE 0.5% with epinephrine 1:200,000 (as bitartrate) at 25°C is 1.008 and at 37°C is 1.008.

Fossaoprin SPG2 Injection System - Clinical Pharmacology

Local anesthetics block the generation and the conduction of nerve impulses, presumably by increasing the threshold for electrical excitation in the nerve, by slowing the propagation of the nerve impulse, and by reducing the rate of rise of the action potential. In general, the progression of anesthesia is related to the diameter, myelination, and conduction velocity of affected nerve fibers. Clinically, the order of loss of nerve function is as follows: (1) pain, (2) temperature, (3) touch, (4) proprioception, and (5) skeletal muscle tone.

Systemic absorption of local anesthetics produces effects on the cardiovascular and central nervous systems (CNS). At blood concentrations achieved with normal therapeutic doses, changes in cardiac conduction, excitability, refractoriness, contractility, and peripheral vascular resistance are minimal. However, toxic blood concentrations depress cardiac conduction and excitability, which may lead to atrioventricular block, ventricular arrhythmias, and cardiac arrest, sometimes resulting in fatalities. In addition, myocardial contractility is depressed and peripheral vasodilation occurs, leading to decreased cardiac output and arterial blood pressure. Recent clinical reports and animal research suggest that these cardiovascular changes are more likely to occur after unintended intravascular injection of bupivacaine. Therefore, incremental dosing is necessary.

Following systemic absorption, local anesthetics can produce central nervous system stimulation, depression, or both. Apparent central stimulation is manifested as restlessness, tremors and shivering progressing to convulsions, followed by depression and coma progressing ultimately to respiratory arrest. However, the local anesthetics have a primary depressant effect on the medulla and on higher centers. The depressed stage may occur without a prior excited state.

Pharmacokinetics: The rate of systemic absorption of local anesthetics is dependent upon the total dose and concentration of drug administered, the route of administration, the vascularity of the administration site, and the presence or absence of epinephrine in the anesthetic solution. A dilute concentration of epinephrine (1:200,000 or 5 mcg/mL) usually reduces the rate of absorption and peak plasma concentration of MARCAINE, permitting the use of moderately larger total doses and sometimes prolonging the duration of action.

The onset of action with MARCAINE is rapid and anesthesia is long lasting. The duration of anesthesia is significantly longer with MARCAINE than with any other commonly used local anesthetic. It has also been noted that there is a period of analgesia that persists after the return of sensation, during which time the need for strong analgesics is reduced.

The onset of action following dental injections is usually 2 to 10 minutes and anesthesia may last two or three times longer than lidocaine and mepivacaine for dental use, in many patients up to 7 hours. The duration of anesthetic effect is prolonged by the addition of epinephrine 1:200,000.

Local anesthetics are bound to plasma proteins in varying degrees. Generally, the lower the plasma concentration of drug the higher the percentage of drug bound to plasma proteins.

Local anesthetics appear to cross the placenta by passive diffusion. The rate and degree of diffusion is governed by (1) the degree of plasma protein binding, (2) the degree of ionization, and (3) the degree of lipid solubility. Fetal/ maternal ratios of local anesthetics appear to be inversely related to the degree of plasma protein binding, because only the free, unbound drug is available for placental transfer. MARCAINE with a high protein binding capacity (95%) has a low fetal/maternal ratio (0.2 to 0.4). The extent of placental transfer is also determined by the degree of ionization and lipid solubility of the drug. Lipid soluble, nonionized drugs readily enter the fetal blood from the maternal circulation.

Depending upon the route of administration, local anesthetics are distributed to some extent to all body tissues, with high concentrations found in highly perfused organs such as the liver, lungs, heart, and brain.

Pharmacokinetic studies on the plasma profile of MARCAINE after direct intravenous injection suggest a three-compartment open model. The first compartment is represented by the rapid intravascular distribution of the drug. The second compartment represents the equilibration of the drug throughout the highly perfused organs such as the brain, myocardium, lungs, kidneys, and liver. The third compartment represents an equilibration of the drug with poorly perfused tissues, such as muscle and fat. The elimination of drug from tissue distribution depends largely upon the ability of binding sites in the circulation to carry it to the liver where it is metabolized.

After injection of MARCAINE for caudal, epidural, or peripheral nerve block in man, peak levels of bupivacaine in the blood are reached in 30 to 45 minutes, followed by a decline to insignificant levels during the next three to six hours.

Various pharmacokinetic parameters of the local anesthetics can be significantly altered by the presence of hepatic or renal disease, addition of epinephrine, factors affecting urinary pH, renal blood flow, the route of drug administration, and the age of the patient. The half-life of MARCAINE in adults is 2.7 hours and in neonates 8.1 hours.

In clinical studies, elderly patients reached the maximal spread of analgesia and maximal motor blockade more rapidly than younger patients. Elderly patients also exhibited higher peak plasma concentrations following administration of this product. The total plasma clearance was decreased in these patients.

Amide-type local anesthetics such as MARCAINE are metabolized primarily in the liver via conjugation with glucuronic acid. Patients with hepatic disease, especially those with severe hepatic disease, may be more susceptible to the potential toxicities of the amide-type local anesthetics. Pipecoloxylidine is the major metabolite of MARCAINE.

The kidney is the main excretory organ for most local anesthetics and their metabolites. Urinary excretion is affected by urinary perfusion and factors affecting urinary pH. Only 6% of bupivacaine is excreted unchanged in the urine.

When administered in recommended doses and concentrations, MARCAINE does not ordinarily produce irritation or tissue damage and does not cause methemoglobinemia.

Indications and Usage for Fossaoprin SPG2 Injection System

MARCAINE is indicated for the production of local or regional anesthesia or analgesia for surgery, dental and oral surgery procedures, diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, and for obstetrical procedures. Only the 0.25% and 0.5% concentrations are indicated for obstetrical anesthesia. （请参阅警告。）

Experience with nonobstetrical surgical procedures in pregnant patients is not sufficient to recommend use of 0.75% concentration of MARCAINE in these patients.

MARCAINE is not recommended for intravenous regional anesthesia (Bier Block). See WARNINGS .

The routes of administration and indicated MARCAINE concentrations are:

•

local infiltration 0.25%

•

peripheral nerve block 0.25% and 0.5%

•

retrobulbar block 0.75%

•

sympathetic block 0.25%

•

lumbar epidural 0.25%, 0.5%, and 0.75%
(0.75% not for obstetrical anesthesia)

•

caudal 0.25% and 0.5%

•

epidural test dose 0.5% with epinephrine 1:200,000

•

dental blocks 0.5% with epinephrine 1:200,000

(See DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION for additional information).

Standard textbooks should be consulted to determine the accepted procedures and techniques for the administration of MARCAINE.

禁忌症

MARCAINE is contraindicated in obstetrical paracervical block anesthesia. Its use in this technique has resulted in fetal bradycardia and death.

MARCAINE is contraindicated in patients with a known hypersensitivity to it or to any local anesthetic agent of the amide-type or to other components of MARCAINE solutions.

警告事项

LOCAL ANESTHETICS SHOULD ONLY BE EMPLOYED BY CLINICIANS WHO ARE WELL VERSED IN DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF DOSE-RELATED TOXICITY AND OTHER ACUTE EMERGENCIES WHICH MIGHT ARISE FROM THE BLOCK TO BE EMPLOYED, AND THEN ONLY AFTER INSURING THE IMMEDIATE AVAILABILITY OF OXYGEN, OTHER RESUSCITATIVE DRUGS, CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATIVE EQUIPMENT, AND THE PERSONNEL RESOURCES NEEDED FOR PROPER MANAGEMENT OF TOXIC REACTIONS AND RELATED EMERGENCIES. (See also ADVERSE REACTIONS, PRECAUTIONS , and OVERDOSAGE .) DELAY IN PROPER MANAGEMENT OF DOSE-RELATED TOXICITY, UNDERVENTILATION FROM ANY CAUSE, AND/OR ALTERED SENSITIVITY MAY LEAD TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF ACIDOSIS, CARDIAC ARREST AND, POSSIBLY, DEATH.

Local anesthetic solutions containing antimicrobial preservatives, ie, those supplied in multiple-dose vials, should not be used for epidural or caudal anesthesia because safety has not been established with regard to intrathecal injection, either intentionally or unintentionally, of such preservatives.

Intra-articular infusions of local anesthetics following arthroscopic and other surgical procedures is an unapproved use, and there have been post-marketing reports of chondrolysis in patients receiving such infusions. The majority of reported cases of chondrolysis have involved the shoulder joint; cases of gleno-humeral chondrolysis have been described in pediatric and adult patients following intra-articular infusions of local anesthetics with and without epinephrine for periods of 48 to 72 hours. There is insufficient information to determine whether shorter infusion periods are not associated with these findings. The time of onset of symptoms, such as joint pain, stiffness and loss of motion can be variable, but may begin as early as the 2nd month after surgery. Currently, there is no effective treatment for chondrolysis; patients who experienced chondrolysis have required additional diagnostic and therapeutic procedures and some required arthroplasty or shoulder replacement.

It is essential that aspiration for blood or cerebrospinal fluid (where applicable) be done prior to injecting any local anesthetic, both the original dose and all subsequent doses, to avoid intravascular or subarachnoid injection. However, a negative aspiration does not ensure against an intravascular or subarachnoid injection.

MARCAINE with epinephrine 1:200,000 or other vasopressors should not be used concomitantly with ergot-type oxytocic drugs, because a severe persistent hypertension may occur. Likewise, solutions of MARCAINE containing a vasoconstrictor, such as epinephrine, should be used with extreme caution in patients receiving monoamineoxidase inhibitors (MAOI) or antidepressants of the triptyline or imipramine types, because severe prolonged hypertension may result.

Until further experience is gained in pediatric patients younger than 12 years, administration of MARCAINE in this age group is not recommended.

Mixing or the prior or intercurrent use of any other local anesthetic with MARCAINE cannot be recommended because of insufficient data on the clinical use of such mixtures.

There have been reports of cardiac arrest and death during the use of MARCAINE for intravenous regional anesthesia (Bier Block). Information on safe dosages and techniques of administration of MARCAINE in this procedure is lacking. Therefore, MARCAINE is not recommended for use in this technique.

MARCAINE with epinephrine 1:200,000 contains sodium metabisulfite, a sulfite that may cause allergic-type reactions including anaphylactic symptoms and life-threatening or less severe asthmatic episodes in certain susceptible people.一般人群中亚硫酸盐敏感性的总体患病率尚不清楚，可能很低。 Sulfite sensitivity is seen more frequently in asthmatic than in nonasthmatic people. Single-dose ampuls and single-dose vials of MARCAINE without epinephrine do not contain sodium metabisulfite.

预防措施

General: The safety and effectiveness of local anesthetics depend on proper dosage, correct technique, adequate precautions, and readiness for emergencies. Resuscitative equipment, oxygen, and other resuscitative drugs should be available for immediate use (See WARNINGS, ADVERSE REACTIONS, and OVERDOSAGE ). During major regional nerve blocks, the patient should have intravenous fluids running via an indwelling cat