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  • 描述
  • 适应症和用法
  • 禁忌症
  • 警告事项
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  • 不良反应/副作用
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地塞米松磷酸钠注射液

仅Rx

Ludaxine说明

地塞米松磷酸钠注射液USP是无菌,澄清,无色的溶液,不含可见颗粒和地塞米松的水溶性无机酯,即使肌肉注射也能产生快速反应。

地塞米松磷酸钠USP,C 22 H 28 FNa 2 O 8 P,分子量为516.41,化学上为Pregn-4-ene-3、20-二酮,9-氟-11、17-二羟基-16-甲基- 21(膦酰氧基)-二钠盐(11β,16α)。

它以白色到几乎白色的粉末形式出现,极易吸湿,可溶于水,其溶液的pH值在7.0至8.5之间。它具有以下结构式:

地塞米松磷酸钠注射液USP的浓度为4 mg / mL。

每毫升地塞米松磷酸钠USP注射液4 mg / mL含有4.37 mg地塞米松磷酸钠,USP相当于4 mg地塞米松磷酸; 1毫克亚硫酸钠; 10毫克苯甲醇(防腐剂)。用柠檬酸钠制成等渗的。用柠檬酸或氢氧化钠调节pH。

措施-天然存在的糖皮质激素(氢化可的松)也具有保留盐的特性,被用作肾上腺皮质缺乏症的替代疗法。它们的合成类似物主要用于许多器官系统疾病的有效抗炎作用。

糖皮质激素引起深刻而多样的代谢作用。此外,它们还能改变人体对各种刺激的免疫反应。

Ludaxine的适应症和用法

A.静脉或肌肉内给药。当口服疗法不可行且药物的强度,剂型和给药途径使该制剂适合该病症的治疗时,标明可静脉内或肌肉内使用的那些产品如下:

1.内分泌失调。原发性或继发性肾上腺皮质功能不全(选择氢化可的松或可的松是药物;如果适用,可以将合成类似物与盐皮质激素结合使用;在婴儿期,盐皮质激素的补充尤为重要)。

急性肾上腺皮质功能不全(可选用氢化可的松或可的松;可能需要补充盐皮质激素,特别是在使用合成类似物时)。

术前,如果发生严重的创伤或疾病,患有已知肾上腺皮质功能不全或肾上腺皮质储备不足的患者。

如果存在或怀疑肾上腺皮质功能不全,则对常规疗法无反应的休克。

先天性肾上腺增生。

非化脓性甲状腺炎。

高钙血症与癌症有关。

2.风湿病。作为短期给药的辅助疗法(使患者适应急性发作或恶化):

创伤后骨关节炎。

骨关节炎滑膜炎。

类风湿关节炎,包括青少年类风湿关节炎(部分病例可能需要低剂量维持治疗)。

急性和亚急性滑囊炎。

上con炎。

急性非特异性腱鞘炎。

急性痛风性关节炎。

银屑病关节炎。

强直性脊柱炎。

3.胶原蛋白疾病。在某些情况下加重或维持治疗期间:

系统性红斑狼疮。
急性风湿性心脏病。

4.皮肤病。

天疱疮。

严重的多形性红斑(史蒂文斯-约翰逊综合症)。

剥脱性皮炎。

大疱性疱疹样皮炎。

严重的脂溢性皮炎。

严重牛皮癣。

蕈样真菌病。

5.过敏状态。在以下情况下,对于常规治疗的充分试验难以控制的严重或无用的过敏性疾病的控制:

支气管哮喘。

接触性皮炎。

特应性皮炎。

血清病。

季节性或常年性变应性鼻炎。

药物超敏反应。

荨麻疹输血反应。

急性非感染性喉水肿(肾上腺素是首选药物)。

6.眼科疾病。涉及眼睛的严重急性和慢性过敏和炎症过程,例如:

带眼疱疹。

虹膜炎,虹膜睫状体炎。

脉络膜视网膜炎。

弥漫性后葡萄膜炎和脉络膜炎。

视神经炎。

交感性眼炎。

前节炎症。

过敏性结膜炎。

过敏性角膜边缘溃疡。
角膜炎。

7.胃肠道疾病。在以下疾病的关键时期帮助患者度过难关:

溃疡性结肠炎(全身治疗)。

区域性肠炎(全身治疗)。

8.呼吸系统疾病:

有症状的结节病。

铍病。

与适当的抗结核化学疗法同时使用时,可导致肺结核或弥漫性肺结核。

洛夫勒氏综合症无法通过其他方式控制。

吸入性肺炎。

9.血液学疾病:

获得性(自身免疫性)溶血性贫血。

成人特发性血小板减少性紫癜(仅静脉注射; IM禁忌)。

成人继发性血小板减少症。

红细胞减少症(RBC贫血)。

先天性(红系)增生性贫血。

10.肿瘤性疾病。对于以下方面的姑息治疗:

成人中的白血病和淋巴瘤。

童年期急性白血病。

11.水E状态。诱发特发性或由红斑狼疮引起的无尿毒症的肾病综合症的利尿或蛋白尿的缓解。

12.神经系统。

多发性硬化症的急性加重。

13.杂项。

当与适当的抗结核化学疗法同时使用时,结核性脑膜炎有蛛网膜下腔阻滞或即将发生的阻滞。

旋毛虫病伴神经或心肌受累。

肾上腺皮质功能亢进的诊断测试。

多种病因的脑水肿,并进行适当的神经系统评估和处理。

B.关节内或软组织给药。当药物的强度和剂型使该制剂适合该疾病的治疗时,那些标记为关节内或软组织给药的产品将被指示为短期给药的辅助疗法(以使患者在急性发作或恶化):

骨关节炎滑膜炎。

类风湿关节炎。

急性和亚急性滑囊炎。

急性痛风性关节炎。

上con炎。

急性非特异性腱鞘炎。

创伤后骨关节炎。

C.内部管理。当药物的强度和剂型使该制剂适合该病症的治疗时,标记为病灶内给药的那些产品应指出:

瘢痕loid。

局部肥大,浸润,炎性病变:扁平苔藓,牛皮癣菌斑,环形肉芽肿和慢性扁平苔藓(神经性皮炎)。

盘状红斑狼疮。

坏死性脂肪性糖尿病。

斑秃。

它们也可用于腱膜腱(神经节)的囊性肿瘤中。

禁忌症

全身性真菌感染。

警告事项

硬膜外给药的严重神经系统不良反应

硬膜外注射皮质类固醇有严重的神经系统事件,其中一些导致死亡。报告的具体事件包括但不限于脊髓梗塞,截瘫,四肢瘫痪,皮质盲和中风。在使用和不使用荧光检查的情况下,已经报告了这些严重的神经系统事件。尚未确定硬膜外给药皮质类固醇的安全性和有效性,并且未批准将皮质类固醇用于这种用途。

在接受任何异常压力的接受皮质类固醇治疗的患者中,在出现压力状态之前,期间和之后,应增加速效皮质类固醇的剂量。皮质类固醇可能掩盖了某些感染迹象,在使用过程中可能会出现新的感染。当使用皮质类固醇激素时,耐药性可能降低,并且无法定位感染。

长期使用皮质类固醇可能会导致后囊膜白内障,青光眼,并可能损害视神经,并可能增强由于真菌或病毒引起的继发性眼部感染的形成。

服用免疫抑制剂的儿童比健康儿童更容易感染。例如,患免疫抑制剂的皮质类固醇激素可使儿童的水痘和麻疹病情更加严重甚至致命。在此类儿童或未患有这些疾病的成人中,应特别注意避免接触。如果暴露,则可能需要酌情使用水痘带状疱疹免疫球蛋白(VZIG)或合并的静脉内免疫球蛋白(IVIG)进行治疗。如果出现水痘,可以考虑用抗病毒药治疗。

同样,对于已知或疑似类圆线虫(线虫)感染的患者,应谨慎使用皮质类固醇。在此类患者中,皮质类固醇诱导的免疫抑制可能导致强茎线虫过度感染和传播,并伴有广泛的幼虫迁移,通常伴有严重的小肠结肠炎和可能致命的革兰氏阴性败血病。

在怀孕中的用法。由于尚未对皮质类固醇进行充分的人体生殖研究,因此在怀孕,哺乳期的母亲或有生育能力的妇女中使用这些药物需要权衡该药物的潜在益处与对母亲和胚胎或胎儿的潜在危害。应当仔细观察由母亲在怀孕期间接受过大剂量皮质激素治疗的婴儿所产生的肾上腺皮质功能减退的迹象。

平均和大剂量的可的松或氢化可的松会导致血压升高,盐和水retention留,并增加钾的排泄。除非大剂量使用,否则合成衍生物不太可能出现这些效应。心肌紧张的患者应仔细观察,并缓慢给药,因为快速给药可能会导致心室早缩。限制饮食中的盐分和补充钾可能是必要的。所有皮质类固醇都会增加钙排泄。

在进行糖皮质激素治疗时,不应为患者接种天花疫苗。服用皮质类固醇的患者,尤其是大剂量服用的患者,不应采取其他免疫措施,因为这可能会引起神经系统并发症和缺乏抗体反应。

地塞米松磷酸钠注射液USP在活动性肺结核中的使用应仅限于那些将皮质类固醇与适当的抗结核药物结合用于治疗疾病的暴发性或播散性结核病例。

如果在潜伏性结核病或结核菌素反应性患者中使用了皮质类固醇激素,则必须密切观察,因为这种疾病可能会重新发生。在长期糖皮质激素治疗期间,这些患者应接受化学预防。

由于接受肠胃外激素治疗的患者很少发生类过敏反应,因此在给药前应采取适当的预防措施,尤其是当患者对任何药物过敏时。

地塞米松磷酸钠注射液包含亚硫酸钠,亚硫酸钠可能在某些易感人群中引起过敏性反应,包括过敏性症状和危及生命或不严重的哮喘发作。一般人群中亚硫酸盐敏感性的总体患病率尚不清楚,可能很低。与非哮喘患者相比,哮喘患者对亚硫酸盐的敏感性更高。

预防措施

逐渐减少剂量可使药物引起的继发性肾上腺皮质功能不全最小化。此类相对功能不足可能会在停药后持续数月。因此,在此期间发生任何压力的情况下,应重新使用激素疗法。由于盐皮质激素的分泌可能受损,因此应同时服用盐和/或盐皮质激素。

甲状腺功能减退症患者和肝硬化患者的皮质类固醇激素作用增强。

眼部单纯疱疹患者应谨慎使用皮质类固醇,以免引起角膜穿孔。

应该使用可能的最低剂量的皮质类固醇来控制所治疗的疾病,并且当可能减少剂量时,必须逐步减少剂量。

当使用皮质类固醇激素时,可能会出现精神错乱,从欣快,失眠,情绪波动,性格改变,严重抑郁到坦率的精神病表现。同样,皮质类固醇可能加剧现有的情绪不稳定或精神病倾向。

在低凝血酶原血症中,阿司匹林应谨慎与皮质类固醇联合使用。

在非特异性溃疡性结肠炎中,如果有可能发生穿孔,脓肿或其他化脓性感染,在憩室炎,新鲜肠吻合症,活动性或潜伏性消化性溃疡,肾功能不全,高血压,骨质疏松和重症肌无力中也应谨慎使用类固醇。

长期使用皮质类固醇激素治疗的婴幼儿的生长和发育应予以仔细观察。

应警告正在使用免疫抑制剂量皮质类固醇的患者,避免接触水痘或麻疹,如果接触,应寻求医疗建议。

关节内注射皮质类固醇可能会产生全身和局部作用。

为了排除脓毒症过程,必须对存在的任何关节液进行适当检查。

伴有局部肿胀的疼痛明显增加,关节活动,发烧和不适进一步受到限制,这提示了败血性关节炎。如果发生这种并发症并确定败血症的诊断,应采取适当的抗菌治疗。

应避免将类固醇局部注入先前感染的关节。不应将皮质类固醇注射入不稳定的关节。

尽管对照临床试验显示皮质类固醇在加速多发性硬化症急性加重的缓解方面有效,但并未显示它们会影响疾病的最终结果或自然病程。这些研究确实表明,相对较大剂量的皮质类固醇激素是必要的,以证明具有显着效果。 (请参阅剂量和管理部分)。

由于糖皮质激素治疗的并发症取决于剂量的大小和治疗的持续时间,因此必须在每种情况下就治疗的剂量和持续时间以及是否应使用每日或间歇治疗做出风险/获益的决定。

不良反应

流体和电解质干扰:

钠retention留

体液潴留

易感患者的充血性心力衰竭

钾流失

低钾性碱中毒

高血压

肌肉骨骼:

肌肉无力

类固醇肌病

肌肉量减少

骨质疏松症

椎体压缩性骨折

股骨头和肱骨头无菌坏死

长骨的病理性骨折

胃肠道:

消化性溃疡,可能随后发生穿孔和出血

胰腺炎

腹胀

溃疡性食管炎

皮肤:

伤口愈合不良

薄薄脆弱的皮肤

面部红斑

出汗增加

可能抑制对皮肤测试的反应

tech科和瘀斑

神经系统的:

抽搐

通常在治疗后伴有乳头水肿(假性脑瘤)的颅内压升高

眩晕

头痛

眼科:

后囊内白内障

眼内压升高

青光眼

内分泌:

月经不调

库欣状态的发展

抑制儿童成长

继发性肾上腺皮质和垂体无反应性,尤其是在外伤,手术或疾病等压力时期

糖耐量降低

潜在的糖尿病表现

糖尿病患者对胰岛素或口服降糖药的需求增加

新陈代谢:

蛋白质分解代谢导致负氮平衡

杂:

色素沉着或色素沉着

皮下和皮肤萎缩

无菌脓肿

关节内使用后注射后耀斑

炭状关节炎

生殖器部位发痒,灼热,发麻

鲁达辛的剂量和给药

A.静脉或肌肉内给药。地塞米松磷酸钠注射液USP的初始剂量可能从0.50 mg /天到9 mg /天不等,具体取决于所治疗的具体疾病。在严重程度较低的情况下,通常需要较低的剂量,而在某些患者中可能需要较高的初始剂量。通常,肠胃外剂量范围是每12小时口服剂量的三分之一至二分之一。但是,在某些压倒性的,急性的,危及生命的情况下,超过正常剂量的给药可能是合理的,并且可能是口服剂量的倍数。

对于无反应性休克的治疗,目前建议使用高剂量的该产品。报告的治疗方案范围为单次静脉注射1至6 mg / kg体重至最初的40 mg,随后每2至6小时重复静脉注射,而休克持续。

对于成人脑水肿的治疗,建议初始静脉注射剂量为10 mg,然后每6小时肌肉注射4 mg,直至达到最大反应为止。对于需要进行脑外科手术的患者,该方案可在术后持续几天。口服地塞米松,每日1至3毫克,应在5至7天内逐渐减少剂量。非手术病例可能需要连续治疗,以保持无颅内压增高的症状。儿童应使用最小有效剂量,最好是口服。分次剂量大约为0.2 mg / kg / 24小时。

在治疗多发性硬化症的急性加重中,每日剂量泼尼松龙200 mg,一周一次,隔日80 mg,隔天4至8 mg地塞米松,持续1个月已被证明是有效的。

应当维持或调整初始剂量,直到注意到满意的反应为止。如果经过一段合理的时间后仍缺乏令人满意的临床反应,则应停止地塞米松磷酸钠USP的注射,并将患者转至其他适当的治疗方法。应该强调的是剂量要求是可变的,并且必须根据所治疗的疾病和患者的反应进行个性化。

在注意到良好的反应后,应通过在适当的时间间隔内以较小的递减量减少初始药物剂量,直至达到可以维持足够临床反应的最低剂量,来确定适当的维持剂量。应当记住,需要对药物剂量进行持续监控。可能需要调整剂量的情况包括因疾病过程中的缓解或恶化而继发的临床状态变化,患者的个体药物反应性以及患者暴露于与治疗中与疾病实体没有直接关系的应激状态的影响。在此后一种情况下,可能有必要在一段时间内增加地塞米松磷酸钠注射液USP的剂量,以符合患者的病情。如果在长期治疗后要停止使用该药物,建议逐渐而不是突然停用。

B.关节内,软组织或病变内给药。鞘内给药的剂量对于大关节通常为2至4 mg,对于小关节为0.8至1 mg。对于软组织和法氏囊注射,建议剂量为2至4 mg。神经节需要1到2毫克的剂量。 0.4至1mg的剂量用于注射入腱鞘。不应在任何时候尝试注射到椎间关节,并且不建议将髋关节注射作为办公程序。

滑膜内和软组织注射仅在受影响的区域限制在1或2个部位时才应使用。应该记住的是,皮质类固醇仅提供缓解作用,并且应在指示时采用其他常规或治愈性治疗方法。

只要溶液和容器允许,在给药前应目视检查肠胃外药品是否有颗粒物质和变色。

注射频率通常为每3至5天一次至每2至3周一次。频繁的关节腔内注射可能会损坏关节组织。

Ludaxine如何提供

地塞米松磷酸钠注射液USP是无菌,透明,无色的溶液,不含可见的颗粒,其提供如下:

每30毫升120毫克(4毫克/毫升)

30 mL多剂量瓶

存放在20°至25°C(68°至77°F)。 [请参阅USP控制的室温。]

对热敏感-请勿高压灭菌。

避光。

样品瓶塞不是用天然橡胶胶乳制成的。

修订日期:2017年7月

盐酸布比卡因注射液

仅Rx

Ludaxine说明

盐酸布比卡因USP是2-哌啶甲酰胺,1-丁基-N- (2,6-二甲基苯基)-,一盐酸盐,一水合物,白色,无味的结晶性粉末,易溶于95%乙醇,可溶于水并微溶于水在氯仿或丙酮中。它具有以下结构式:

盐酸布比卡因注射液USP可在无菌等渗溶液中通过局部浸润,周围神经阻滞以及尾,腰硬膜外阻滞进行注射。盐酸布比卡因注射液USP的溶液可高压灭菌。溶液澄清无色。

布比卡因在化学和药理上与氨酰基局部麻醉剂有关。它是甲哌卡因的同系物,化学上与利多卡因有关。所有这三种麻醉剂在芳香核和氨基或哌啶基团之间都含有酰胺键。在这方面,它们不同于具有酯键的普鲁卡因型局部麻醉剂。

盐酸布比卡因注射液USP —含有氯化钠的无菌等渗溶液。在多剂量小瓶中,每毫升还包含1毫克对羟基苯甲酸甲酯作为防腐剂。用氢氧化钠或盐酸将溶液的pH调节至4-6.5。

Ludaxine-临床药理学

局部麻醉药可能通过增加神经电刺激的阈值,减慢神经冲动的传播速度以及降低动作电位的上升速度来阻止神经冲动的产生和传导。通常,麻醉的进展与受影响的神经纤维的直径,髓鞘形成和传导速度有关。临床上,神经功能丧失的顺序如下:(1)疼痛,(2)温度,(3)触摸,(4)本体感受和(5)骨骼肌张力。

全身麻醉剂的全身吸收会对心血管和中枢神经系统(CNS)产生影响。在以正常治疗剂量达到的血药浓度下,心脏传导,兴奋性,耐火性,收缩性和外周血管阻力的变化极小。但是,有毒的血液浓度会降低心脏传导和兴奋性,这可能导致房室传导阻滞,室性心律失常和心脏骤停,有时会导致死亡。另外,心肌收缩力降低并且发生外周血管舒张,导致心输出量和动脉血压降低。最近的临床报告和动物研究表明,意外的血管内注射布比卡因后,这些心血管变化更有可能发生。因此,有必要增加剂量。

全身吸收后,局部麻醉剂可产生中枢神经系统刺激,抑郁或两者兼而有之。明显的中枢刺激表现为躁动不安,震颤和发抖发展为抽搐,随后抑郁和昏迷最终发展为呼吸停止。然而,局部麻醉剂对髓质和较高中心具有主要的抑制作用。可能在没有事先激发状态的情况下发生了压下阶段。

药代动力学

局麻药的全身吸收率取决于所给药药物的总剂量和浓度,给药途径,给药部位的血管分布以及麻醉溶液中肾上腺素的存在与否。稀释的肾上腺素浓度(1:200,000或5 mcg / mL)通常会降低布比卡因的吸收速率和血浆峰值浓度,从而允许使用中等剂量的总剂量,有时会延长作用时间。

布比卡因起效快,麻醉持续时间长。布比卡因麻醉的持续时间明显长于任何其他常用的局部麻醉药。还已经注意到,在感觉恢复之后,镇痛持续了一段时间,在此期间减少了对强镇痛药的需求。

局麻药在不同程度上与血浆蛋白结合。通常,药物的血浆浓度越低,与血浆蛋白结合的药物的百分比就越高。

局部麻醉药似乎通过被动扩散穿过胎盘。扩散的速率和程度受(1)血浆蛋白结合程度,(2)电离程度和(3)脂质溶解度程度控制。胎儿/母亲局部麻醉药的比例似乎与血浆蛋白结合程度成反比,因为只有游离的,未结合的药物可用于胎盘转移。具有高蛋白结合能力(95%)的布比卡因具有较低的胎儿/母亲比率(0.2至0.4)。胎盘转移的程度还取决于药物的离子化程度和脂质溶解度。脂溶性非离子药物易于从母体循环进入胎儿血液。

根据给药途径,局部麻醉剂在某种程度上分布于所有身体组织,在高度灌注的器官如肝,肺,心脏和脑中发现高浓度。

直接静脉注射后布比卡因血浆分布的药代动力学研究提示了一种三室开放模型。第一腔室以药物在血管内的快速分布为代表。第二部分代表整个高度灌注器官(例如大脑,心肌,肺,肾脏和肝脏)的药物平衡。第三隔室代表药物与不良灌注组织(例如肌肉和脂肪)的平衡。从组织分布中消除药物在很大程度上取决于循环中结合位点将其携带到肝脏进行代谢的能力。

注射布比卡因盐酸盐治疗人的尾,硬膜外或周围神经阻滞后,血液中布比卡因的浓度在30至45分钟内达到峰值,然后在接下来的3至6个小时内降至微不足道的水平。

肝脏或肾脏疾病的存在,肾上腺素的添加,影响尿液pH值,肾血流量,给药途径和患者年龄的因素可显着改变局部麻醉药的各种药代动力学参数。布比卡因在成人中的半衰期为2.7小时,新生儿为8.1小时。

在临床研究中,老年患者比年轻患者更快地达到了最大的镇痛作用和最大运动阻滞。老年患者在服用该产品后还表现出较高的血浆峰值浓度。这些患者的血浆总清除率降低。

酰胺类局部麻醉药(如布比卡因)主要是通过与葡萄糖醛酸结合而在肝脏中代谢。患有肝病的患者,尤其是患有严重肝病的患者,可能更容易接受酰胺类局部麻醉药的潜在毒性。 Pipecoloxylidine是布比卡因的主要代谢产物。

肾脏是大多数局部麻醉药及其代谢产物的主要排泄器官。尿液排泄受尿液灌注和影响尿液pH值的因素的影响。布比卡因只有6%不变地排泄在尿液中。

当以推荐剂量和浓度给药时,盐酸布比卡因通常不会产生刺激或组织损伤,并且不会引起高铁血红蛋白血症。

Ludaxine的适应症和用法

盐酸布比卡因注射液USP用于手术,诊断和治疗程序以及产科程序的局部或区域麻醉或镇痛。产科麻醉仅指示浓度为0.25%和0.5%。 (请参阅警告。)

孕妇的非产科外科手术经验不足以建议在这些患者中使用浓度为0.75%的盐酸布比卡因注射液USP。

不建议将布比卡因盐酸盐注射液USP用于静脉区域麻醉(Bier Block)。请参阅警告

布比卡因盐酸盐注射液USP的给药途径和指示浓度为:

  • 局部渗透0.25%
  • 周围神经阻滞0.25%和0.5%
  • 球后阻滞0.75%
  • 交感神经阻滞0.25%
  • 腰硬膜外0.25%,0.5%和0.75%(0.75%不适用于产科麻醉)
  • 尾0.25%和0.5%
  • 硬膜外测试剂量(请参阅注意事项

(有关其他信息,请参见剂量和管理。)

应咨询标准教科书以确定盐酸布比卡因注射液USP的给药可接受的程序和技术。

禁忌症

盐酸布比卡因注射剂在产科宫颈旁阻滞麻醉中禁用。它在该技术中的使用已导致胎儿心动过缓和死亡。

盐酸布比卡因注射液对已知的患者或其任何酰胺类局部麻醉剂或盐酸布比卡因注射液的其他成分过敏者禁用。

警告事项

不建议将布比卡因盐酸盐的0.75%浓度用于产科麻醉。关于使用布比卡因盐酸盐用于麻醉性硬膜外麻醉的心律失常复苏或死亡的报道。在大多数情况下,是使用0.75%的浓度。尽管复苏足够困难或不可能,但仍应适当地做好准备和适当的管理。全身性毒性引起的惊厥后,通常在无意识的血管内注射后,发生心脏骤停。对于需要高度放松肌肉和延长效果的手术,应保留0.75%的浓度。

只有能够熟练诊断和管理与剂量相关的毒性和可能从方框中出现的其他急性急症的临床医生,才能使用局麻药,然后才应立即为之提供足够的保证心肺复苏设备,以及正确管理有毒反应和相关紧急情况所需的人员资源。 (也见不良反应注意事项药物过量。)DELAY以适当的剂量相关毒性,管理,UNDERVENTILATION任何原因和/或改变的灵敏度可能会导致酸中毒,心脏骤停的开发和,可能的话,死亡。

含有抗微生物防腐剂(即多剂量药瓶中提供的那些)的局部麻醉剂溶液不应用于硬膜外或尾部麻醉,因为关于鞘内注射(无论有意还是无意)此类防腐剂的安全性尚未确立。

关节镜和其他外科手术后局部麻醉剂的关节腔内输注未经批准使用,并且有上市后报道了接受此类输注的患者发生软骨溶解的报道。报告的大多数软骨溶解病例都涉及肩关节。在关节内输注有或没有肾上腺素的局部麻醉药48到72小时后,小儿和成年患者发生了盂肱软骨病的病例。没有足够的信息来确定较短的输液时间是否与这些发现无关。症状发作的时间,例如关节疼痛,僵硬和运动减退,可以改变,但可能最早在手术后第二个月开始。目前,尚无有效的软骨溶解治疗方法。经历了软骨溶解的患者需要额外的诊断和治疗程序,并且需要进行关节置换或肩关节置换。

至关重要的是,在注射任何局麻药(包括原始剂量和所有后续剂量)之前,应先抽吸血液或脑脊液(如果适用),以避免血管内或蛛网膜下腔注射。但是,负向抽吸不能确保抗血管内注射或蛛网膜下腔注射。

在未满12岁的小儿患者获得更多经验之前,不建议在该年龄段使用盐酸布比卡因。

不推荐将其他局部麻醉剂与盐酸布比卡因混合使用或在先或同时使用,因为有关此类混合物的临床使用数据不足。

有报道称使用盐酸布比卡因进行静脉区域麻醉(Bier Block)会导致心脏骤停和死亡。缺乏有关该方法中盐酸布比卡因安全剂量和给药技术的信息。因此,不建议将盐酸布比卡因用于该技术。

预防措施

一般

局麻药的安全性和有效性取决于正确的剂量,正确的技术,适当的预防措施以及紧急情况的准备。复苏设备,氧气和其他复苏药物应可立即使用。 (请参阅警告不良反应剂量过量 )在主要的区域神经阻滞期间,患者应通过留置导管让静脉输液以确保正常的静脉内通路。应使用导致有效麻醉的最低局部麻醉剂量,以避免高血浆水平和严重的不良反应。应避免大量局部麻醉溶液的快速注射,并且在可行时应使用分次(增量)剂量。

硬膜外麻醉

在硬膜外给予盐酸布比卡因期间,应以3 mL至5 mL的增量剂量给予0.5%和0.75%的溶液,两次给药之间应留有足够的时间,以检测无意间血管内或鞘内注射的毒性表现。注射前和注射过程中,应缓慢吸出并频繁抽吸,以避免血管内注射。在连续(间歇)导管技术中,每次补充注射之前和期间也应进行注射器抽吸。即使对血液的抽吸为负,仍可以进行血管内注射。

在硬膜外麻醉的给药过程中,建议先给予测试剂量,并在给予全剂量之前监测效果。当使用“连续”导管技术时,应在原始剂量和所有补强剂量之前给予测试剂量,因为硬膜外腔中的塑料管会迁移到血管中或穿过硬脑膜。如果临床条件允许,测试剂量应包含肾上腺素(建议使用10 mcg至15 mcg),以警告不要进行血管内注射。 If injected into a blood vessel, this amount of epinephrine is likely to produce a transient “epinephrine response” within 45 seconds, consisting of an increase in heart rate and/or systolic blood pressure, circumoral pallor, palpitations, and nervousness in the unsedated patient.镇静的患者可能仅表现出每分钟20次或更多搏动的脉搏频率增加15秒或更长时间。 Therefore, following the test dose, the heart rate should be monitored for a heart rate increase. Patients on beta-blockers may not manifest changes in heart rate, but blood pressure monitoring can detect a transient rise in systolic blood pressure. The test dose should also contain 10 mg to 15 mg of bupivacaine hydrochloride or an equivalent amount of another local anesthetic to detect an unintended intrathecal administration. This will be evidenced within a few minutes by signs of spinal block (eg, decreased sensation of the buttocks, paresis of the legs, or, in the sedated patient, absent knee jerk). The Test Dose formulation of bupivacaine hydrochloride contains 15 mg of bupivacaine and 15 mcg of epinephrine in a volume of 3 mL. An intravascular or subarachnoid injection is still possible even if results of the test dose are negative. The test dose itself may produce a systemic toxic reaction, high spinal or epinephrine-induced cardiovascular effects.

Injection of repeated doses of local anesthetics may cause significant increases in plasma levels with each repeated dose due to slow accumulation of the drug or its metabolites, or to slow metabolic degradation.对血液水平的耐受性随患者的状况而变化。 Debilitated, elderly patients and acutely ill patients should be given reduced doses commensurate with their age and physical status. Local anesthetics should also be used with caution in patients with hypotension or heartblock.

Careful and constant monitoring of cardiovascular and respiratory (adequacy of ventilation) vital signs and the patient's state of consciousness should be performed after each local anesthetic injection. It should be kept in mind at such times that restlessness, anxiety, incoherent speech, lightheadedness, numbness and tingling of the mouth and lips, metallic taste, tinnitus, dizziness, blurred vision, tremors, twitching, depression, or drowsiness may be early warning signs of central nervous system toxicity.

Local anesthetic solutions containing a vasoconstrictor should be used cautiously and in carefully restricted quantities in areas of the body supplied by end arteries or having otherwise compromised blood supply such as digits, nose, external ear, or penis. Patients with hypertensive vascular disease may exhibit exaggerated vasoconstrictor response.可能导致缺血性损伤或坏死。

Because amide-local anesthetics such as bupivacaine are metabolized by the liver, these drugs, especially repeat doses, should be used cautiously in patients with hepatic disease.患有严重肝病的患者,由于通常无法代谢局部麻醉药,因此发生中毒血浆浓度的风险更大。 Local anesthetics should also be used with caution in patients with impaired cardiovascular function because they may be less able to compensate for functional changes associated with the prolongation of AV conduction produced by these drugs.

Serious dose-related cardiac arrhythmias may occur if preparations containing a vasoconstrictor such as epinephrine are employed in patients during or following the administration of potent inhalation anesthetics. In deciding whether to use these products concurrently in the same patient, the combined action of both agents upon the myocardium, the concentration and volume of vasoconstrictor used, and the time since injection, when applicable, should be taken into account.

麻醉期间使用的许多药物被认为是家族性恶性高热的潜在触发剂。 Because it is not known whether amide-type local anesthetics may trigger this reaction and because the need for supplemental general anesthesia cannot be predicted in advance, it is suggested that a standard protocol for management should be available.早期无法解释的心动过速,呼吸急促,血压不稳定和代谢性酸中毒可能在体温升高之前出现。 Successful outcome is dependent on early diagnosis, prompt discontinuance of the suspect triggering agent(s) and prompt institution of treatment, including oxygen therapy, indicated supportive measures and dantrolene. (Consult dantrolene sodium intravenous package insert before using.)

Use in Head and Neck Area

Small doses of local anesthetics injected into the head and neck area, including retrobulbar, and stellate ganglion blocks, may produce adverse reactions similar to systemic toxicity seen with unintentional intravascular injections of larger doses. The injection procedures require the utmost care. Confusion, convulsions, respiratory depression, and/or respiratory arrest, and cardiovascular stimulation or depression have been reported.这些反应可能是由于局部麻醉剂的动脉内注射以及逆行血流至脑循环所致。 They may also be due to puncture of the dural sheath of the optic nerve during retrobulbar block with diffusion of any local anesthetic along the subdural space to the midbrain.接受这些阻滞的患者应监测其循环和呼吸,并应经常观察。应立即提供复苏设备和治疗不良反应的人员。不应超过剂量建议。 (See DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION . )

Use in Ophthalmic Surgery

Clinicians who perform retrobulbar blocks should be aware that there have been reports of respiratory arrest following local anesthetic injection. Prior to retrobulbar block, as with all other regional procedures, the immediate availability of equipment, drugs, and personnel to manage respiratory arrest or depression, convulsions, and cardiac stimulation or depression should be assured (see also WARNINGS and Use in Head and Neck Area , above). As with other anesthetic procedures, patients should be constantly monitored following ophthalmic blocks for signs of these adverse reactions, which may occur following relatively low total doses.

A concentration of 0.75% bupivacaine is indicated for retrobulbar block; however, this concentration is not indicated for any other peripheral nerve block, including the facial nerve, and not indicated for local infiltration, including the conjunctiva (see INDICATIONS AND USAGE and PRECAUTIONS, General ). Mixing bupivacaine hydrochloride with other local anesthetics is not recommended because of insufficient data on the clinical use of such mixtures.

When bupivacaine hydrochloride 0.75% is used for retrobulbar block, complete corneal anesthesia usually precedes onset of clinically acceptable external ocular muscle akinesia. Therefore, presence of akinesia rather than anesthesia alone should determine readiness of the patient for surgery.

给患者的信息

When appropriate, patients should be informed in advance that they may experience temporary loss of sensation and motor activity, usually in the lower half of the body, following proper administration of caudal or epidural anesthesia. Also, when appropriate, the physician should discuss other information including adverse reactions in the package insert of bupivacaine hydrochloride.

具有临床意义的药物相互作用

向接受单胺氧化酶抑制剂或三环类抗抑郁药的患者服用含肾上腺素或去甲肾上腺素的局麻药可能会导致严重的长期高血压。 Concurrent use of these agents should generally be avoided. In situations when concurrent therapy is necessary, careful patient monitoring is essential.

Concurrent administration of vasopressor drugs and of ergot-type oxytocic drugs may cause severe, persistent hypertension or cerebrovascular accidents.

吩噻嗪和丁苯酮可能会降低或逆转肾上腺素的加压作用。

致癌,诱变,生育力受损

Long-term studies in animals to evaluate the carcinogenic potential of bupivacaine hydrochloride have not been conducted. The mutagenic potential and the effect on fertility of bupivacaine hydrochloride have not been determined.

怀孕类别C

没有针对孕妇的充分且对照良好的研究。 Bupivacaine hydrochloride should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus. Bupivacaine hydrochloride produced developmental toxicity when administered subcutaneously to pregnant rats and rabbits at clinically relevant doses. This does not exclude the use of bupivacaine hydrochloride at term for obstetrical anesthesia or analgesia. (See Labor and Delivery .)

Bupivacaine hydrochloride was administered subcutaneously to rats at doses of 4.4, 13.3, & 40 mg/kg and to rabbits at doses of 1.3, 5.8, & 22.2 mg/kg during the period of organogenesis (implantation to closure of the hard palate). The high doses are comparable to the daily maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) of 400 mg/day on a mg/m 2 body surface area (BSA) basis. No embryo-fetal effects were observed in rats at the high dose which caused increased maternal lethality. An increase in embryo-fetal deaths was observed in rabbits at the high dose in the absence of maternal toxicity with the fetal No Observed Adverse Effect Level representing approximately 1/5th the MRHD on a BSA basis.

In a rat pre- and post-natal development study (dosing from implantation through weaning) conducted at subcutaneous doses of 4.4, 13.3, & 40 mg/kg mg/kg/day, decreased pup survival was observed at the high dose. The high dose is comparable to the daily MRHD of 400 mg/day on a BSA basis.

人工与分娩

SEE BOXED WARNING REGARDING OBSTETRlCAL USE OF 0.75% BUPIVACAINE HYDROCHLORIDE.

Bupivacaine hydrochloride is contraindicated for obstetrical paracervical block anesthesia.

Local anesthetics rapidly cross the placenta, and when used for epidural, caudal, or pudendal block anesthesia, can cause varying degrees of maternal, fetal, and neonatal toxicity. (See CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, Pharmacokinetics . ) The incidence and degree of toxicity depend upon the procedure performed, the type, and amount of drug used, and the technique of drug administration. Adverse reactions in the parturient, fetus, and neonate involve alterations of the central nervous system, peripheral vascular tone, and cardiac function.

产妇低血压是由区域麻醉引起的。局部麻醉药会通过阻塞交感神经而产生血管舒张作用。抬高患者的腿并将其放置在左侧将有助于防止血压下降。 The fetal heart rate also should be monitored continuously and electronic fetal monitoring is highly advisable.

Epidural, caudal, or pudendal anesthesia may alter the forces of parturition through changes in uterine contractility or maternal expulsive efforts. Epidural anesthesia has been reported to prolong the second stage of labor by removing the parturient's reflex urge to bear down or by interfering with motor function.产科麻醉的使用可能会增加对钳子辅助的需求。

在分娩和分娩过程中使用某些局部麻醉药产品可能会导致一两天后的肌肉力量和语气下降。 This has not been reported with bupivacaine.

It is extremely important to avoid aortocaval compression by the gravid uterus during administration of regional block to parturients. To do this, the patient must be maintained in the left lateral decubitus position or a blanket roll or sandbag may be placed beneath the right hip and gravid uterus displaced to the left.

护理母亲

Bupivacaine has been reported to be excreted in human milk suggesting that the nursing infant could be theoretically exposed to a dose of the drug. Because of the potential for serious adverse reactions in nursing infants from bupivacaine, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or not administer bupivacaine, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother.

儿科用

Until further experience is gained in pediatric patients younger than 12 years, administration of bupivacaine hydrochloride in this age group is not recommended. Continuous infusions of bupivacaine in children have been reported to result in high systemic levels of bupivacaine and seizures; high plasma levels may also be associated with cardiovascular abnormalities. (See WARNINGS , PRECAUTIONS , and OVERDOSAGE . )

老人用

Patients over 65 years, particularly those with hypertension, may be at increased risk for developing hypotension while undergoing anesthesia with bupivacaine hydrochloride. (See ADVERSE REACTIONS . )

Elderly patients may require lower doses of bupivacaine hydrochloride. (See PRECAUTIONS, Epidural Anesthesia and DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION . )

In clinical studies, differences in various pharmacokinetic parameters have been observed between elderly and younger patients. (See CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY .)

This product is known to be substantially excreted by the kidney, and the risk of toxic reactions to this drug may be greater in patients with impaired renal function.由于老年患者更容易出现肾功能下降,因此应谨慎选择剂量,这对监测肾功能可能有用。 (See CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY . )

不良反应

Reactions to bupivacaine hydrochloride are characteristic of those associated with other amide-type local anesthetics. A major cause of adverse reactions to this group of drugs is excessive plasma levels, which may be due to overdosage, unintentional intravascular injection, or slow metabolic degradation.

The most commonly encountered acute adverse experiences which demand immediate counter-measures are related to the central nervous system and the cardiovascular system. These adverse experiences are generally dose related and due to high plasma levels which may result from overdosage, rapid absorption from the injection site, diminished tolerance, or from unintentional intravascular injection of the local anesthetic solution. In addition to systemic dose-related toxicity, unintentional subarachnoid injection of drug during the intended performance of caudal or lumbar epidural block or nerve blocks near the vertebral column (especially in the head and neck region) may result in underventilation or apnea (“Total or High Spinal”). Also, hypotension due to loss of sympathetic tone and respiratory paralysis or underventilation due to cephalad extension of the motor level of anesthesia may occur. This may lead to secondary cardiac arrest if untreated. Patients over 65 years, particularly those with hypertension, may be at increased risk for experiencing the hypotensive effects of bupivacaine hydrochloride. Factors influencing plasma protein binding, such as acidosis, systemic diseases which alter protein production, or competition of other drugs for protein binding sites, may diminish individual tolerance.

Central Nervous System Reactions

These are characterized by excitation and/or depression. Restlessness, anxiety, dizziness, tinnitus, blurred vision, or tremors may occur, possibly proceeding to convulsions. However, excitement may be transient or absent, with depression being the first manifestation of an adverse reaction. This may quickly be followed by drowsiness merging into unconsciousness and respiratory arrest. Other central nervous system effects may be nausea, vomiting, chills, and constriction of the pupils.

The incidence of convulsions associated with the use of local anesthetics varies with the procedure used and the total dose administered. In a survey of studies of epidural anesthesia, overt toxicity progressing to convulsions occurred in approximately 0.1% of local anesthetic administrations.

Cardiovascular System Reactions

High doses or unintentional intravascular injection may lead to high plasma levels and related depression of the myocardium, decreased cardiac output, heartblock, hypotension, bradycardia, ventricular arrhythmias, including ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation, and cardiac arrest. (See WARNINGS , PRECAUTIONS , and OVERDOSAGE . )

过敏的

Allergic-type reactions are rare and may occur as a result of sensitivity to the local anesthetic or to other formulation ingredients, such as the antimicrobial preservative methylparaben contained in multiple-dose vials. These reactions are characterized by signs such as urticaria, pruritus, erythema, angioneurotic edema (including laryngeal edema), tachycardia, sneezing, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, syncope, excessive sweating, elevated temperature, and possibly, anaphylactoid-like symptomatology (including severe hypotension). Cross sensitivity among members of the amide-type local anesthetic group has been reported. The usefulness of screening for sensitivity has not been definitely established.

神经学的

The incidences of adverse neurologic reactions associated with the use of local anesthetics may be related to the total dose of local anesthetic administered and are also dependent upon the particular drug used, the route of administration, and the physical status of the patient. Many of these effects may be related to local anesthetic techniques, with or without a contribution from the drug.

In the practice of caudal or lumbar epidural block, occasional unintentional penetration of the subarachnoid space by the catheter or needle may occur. Subsequent adverse effects may depend partially on the amount of drug administered intrathecally and the physiological and physical effects of a dural puncture. A high spinal is characterized by paralysis of the legs, loss of consciousness, respiratory paralysis, and bradycardia.

Neurologic effects following epidural or caudal anesthesia may include spinal block of varying magnitude (including high or total spinal block); hypotension secondary to spinal block;尿retention留fecal and urinary incontinence; loss of perineal sensation and sexual function; persistent anesthesia, paresthesia, weakness, paralysis of the lower extremities and loss of sphincter control all of which may have slow, incomplete, or no recovery;头痛; backache;败血性脑膜炎; meningismus;劳动减慢;钳子分娩的发生率增加; and cranial nerve palsies due to traction on nerves from loss of cerebrospinal fluid.

Neurologic effects following other procedures or routes of administration may include persistent anesthesia, paresthesia, weakness, paralysis, all of which may have slow, incomplete, or no recovery.

过量

Acute emergencies from local anesthetics are generally related to high plasma levels encountered during therapeutic use of local anesthetics or to unintended subarachnoid injection of local anesthetic solution. (See ADVERSE REACTIONS , WARNINGS , and PRECAUTIONS . )

局部麻醉紧急情况的管理

首先要考虑的是预防,最好是在每次局部麻醉剂注射后,对心血管和呼吸系统的生命体征以及患者的意识状态进行持续不断的监测,以达到最佳效果。出现变化的最初迹象时,应使用氧气。

The first step in the management of systemic toxic reactions, as well as underventilation or apnea due to unintentional subarachnoid injection of drug solution, consists of
immediate attention to the establishment and maintenance of a patent airway and effective assisted or controlled ventilation with 100% oxygen with a delivery system capable of permitting immediate positive airway pressure by mask. This may prevent convulsions if they have not already occurred.

If necessary, use drugs to control the convulsions. A 50 mg to 100 mg bolus IV injection of succinylcholine will paralyze the patient without depressing the central nervous or cardiovascular systems and facilitate ventilation. A bolus IV dose of 5 mg to 10 mg of diazepam or 50 mg to 100 mg of thiopental will permit ventilation and counteract central nervous system stimulation, but these drugs also depress central nervous system, respiratory, and cardiac function, add to postictal depression and may result in apnea. Intravenous barbiturates, anticonvulsant agents, or muscle relaxants should only be administered by those familiar with their use. Immediately after the institution of these ventilatory measures, the adequacy of the circulation should be evaluated. Supportive treatment of circulatory depression may require administration of intravenous fluids, and when appropriate, a vasopressor dictated by the clinical situation (such as ephedrine or epinephrine to enhance myocardial contractile force).

Endotracheal intubation, employing drugs and techniques familiar to the clinician, may be indicated after initial administration of oxygen by mask if difficulty is encountered in