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来特普利

来特普利

免责声明:FDA尚未发现此药是安全有效的,并且该标签尚未获得FDA的批准。有关未经批准的药物的更多信息,请点击此处。

在本页面
  • 盒装警告
  • 描述
  • 临床药理学
  • 适应症和用法
  • 禁忌症
  • 警告事项
  • 预防措施
  • 病人咨询信息
  • 药物相互作用
  • 不良反应/副作用
  • 过量
  • 剂量和给药
  • 供应/存储和处理方式
  • 临床研究

怀孕使用
当在妊娠中期和中期使用ACE抑制剂时,ACE抑制剂可能对发育中的胎儿造成伤害甚至死亡。当发现怀孕时,应尽快停用赖诺普利。请参阅警告,胎儿/新生儿发病率和死亡率。

描述
Lisinopril是一种口服长效血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂。合成肽衍生物赖诺普利在化学上被描述为(S)-1- [N2-(1-羧基-3-苯基丙基)-L-赖氨酰]-脯氨酸二水合物。其经验公式为CHNO(2H O,结构公式为:

利诺普利为白色至类白色结晶性粉末,分子量为441.53。它溶于水,微溶于甲醇,几乎不溶于乙醇。赖诺普利片剂以2.5mg,5mg,10mg,20mg,30mg和40mg片剂的形式口服给药。
非活性成分:
2.5毫克片剂-胶体二氧化硅,磷酸氢钙,硬脂酸镁,甘露醇,预糊化淀粉,淀粉。 5毫克,10毫克,20毫克和30毫克片剂–胶体二氧化硅,磷酸氢钙,硬脂酸镁,甘露醇,预糊化淀粉,氧化铁红,淀粉。 40毫克片剂-胶体二氧化硅,磷酸氢钙,硬脂酸镁,甘露醇,预糊化淀粉,淀粉,黄色氧化铁。

临床药理学

作用机理

利诺普利抑制人类受试者和动物的血管紧张素转化酶(ACE)。 ACE是一种肽基二肽酶,可催化血管紧张素I转化为血管收缩物质血管紧张素II。血管紧张素II还刺激肾上腺皮质的醛固酮分泌。赖诺普利对高血压和心力衰竭的有益作用似乎主要来自抑制肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统。 ACE的抑制导致血浆血管紧张素II减少,从而导致血管升压活性降低和醛固酮分泌降低。后者的减少可能导致血清钾的少量增加。在仅使用赖诺普利治疗长达24周的肾功能正常的高血压患者中,血清钾的平均增加量约为0.1 mEq / L。但是,约15%的患者升高幅度大于0.5 mEq / L,约6%的患者降低幅度大于0.5 mEq / L。在同一研究中,接受赖诺普利和氢氯噻嗪治疗长达24周的患者的血钾平均下降幅度为0.1 mEq / L。约4%的患者升高幅度大于0.5 mEq / L,约12%的患者降低幅度大于0.5 mEq / L。 (请参阅注意事项)。去除血管紧张素II对肾素分泌的负反馈会导致血浆肾素活性增加。

ACE与激肽酶相同,激肽酶可降解缓激肽。缓激肽(一种有效的血管抑制肽)水平的升高是否在赖诺普利的治疗作用中发挥作用尚待阐明。

尽管赖诺普利降低血压的机制被认为主要是抑制肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统,但赖诺普利即使在低肾素高血压患者中也具有降压作用。尽管赖诺普利在所有研究的种族中均抗高血压,但黑人高血压患者(通常是低肾素高血压人群)对单药治疗的平均反应较非黑人患者小。

赖诺普利和氢氯噻嗪的同时给药进一步降低了黑人和非黑人患者的血压,并且血压反应的种族差异不再明显。

药代动力学与代谢

成年病人

口服赖诺普利后,赖诺普利的峰值血清浓度在约7小时内出现,尽管趋势是在急性心肌梗塞患者中达到峰值血清浓度的时间略有延迟。血清浓度下降显示出延长的终末期,这不会导致药物积聚。该末期可能代表与ACE的饱和结合,并且与剂量不成比例。

Lisinopril似乎不与其他血清蛋白结合。 Lisinopril不会进行新陈代谢,并且会完全不变地排入尿液。基于尿液恢复,赖诺普利的平均吸收程度约为25%,在所有测试剂量(5-80 mg)下,受试者之间的变异性都很大(6%-60%)。胃肠道中食物的存在不会影响赖诺普利的吸收。在稳定的NYHA II-IV级充血性心力衰竭患者中,赖诺普利的绝对生物利用度降低至16%,并且分布量似乎比正常受试者略小。赖诺普利在急性心肌梗死患者中的口服生物利用度与健康志愿者相似。

多次给药后,赖诺普利的有效半衰期为12小时。

肾功能受损会减少赖诺普利的清除,赖诺普利的清除主要通过肾脏排泄,但是这种降低仅在肾小球滤过率低于30 mL / min时才具有临床意义。高于该肾小球滤过率,消除半衰期几乎不变。然而,随着损伤的增加,赖诺普利的峰和谷水平升高,峰浓度的时间增加,达到稳态的时间延长。平均而言,老年患者的血药浓度和血浆浓度时间曲线(AUC)下的血液水平和面积平均要比年轻患者高(约一倍)。 (请参阅剂量和管理)。可以通过血液透析去除赖诺普利。

在大鼠中的研究表明,赖诺普利很难通过血脑屏障。大鼠多剂量赖诺普利不会导致任何组织中的积累。哺乳期大鼠的乳汁在14C赖诺普利给药后具有放射性。通过全身放射自显影,在给妊娠大鼠施用标记药物后,在胎盘中发现了放射性,但在胎儿中未发现放射性。

小儿患者

研究了赖诺普利在6岁至16岁之间肾小球滤过率> 30 mL / min / 1.73 m2的29例小儿高血压患者的药代动力学。在0.1至0.2 mg / kg的剂量后,赖诺普利的稳态峰值血浆浓度在6小时内出现,并且基于尿液恢复的吸收程度约为28%。这些值类似于以前在成人中获得的值。体重30公斤的儿童赖诺普利口服清除率(全身清除率/绝对生物利用度)的典型值为10 L / h,与肾脏功能成正比。

药效学和临床作用

高血压

成年病人

对高血压患者使用赖诺普利可导致仰卧和站立时血压均下降至相同程度,而无代偿性心动过速。尽管可能发生症状性体位性低血压,但通常不会观察到,并且应该在体量和/或盐分不足的患者中预期到。 (请参阅警告)。当与噻嗪类利尿剂一起使用时,两种药物的降压作用近似相加。

在大多数接受研究的患者中,口服单独剂量的赖诺普利后一小时即可观察到降压活性的开始,并且血压峰值降低了6小时。尽管在建议的单日剂量给药后24小时观察到抗高血压作用,但在某些剂量为20 mg或更高剂量的研究中,该作用更为一致,且平均作用明显大于较低剂量。然而,在所有研究剂量下,给药后24小时的平均降压作用均比给药后6小时小得多。

在某些患者中,要达到最佳的血压降低效果可能需要两到四个星期的治疗。

赖诺普利的抗高血压作用在长期治疗期间得以维持。与预处理水平相比,赖诺普利的突然停药与血压的快速升高或血压的显着升高没有关联。

在每天438例未使用利尿剂的轻至中度高血压患者中进行了两项剂量响应研究。给药后24小时测量血压。在某些患者中,使用5 mg的赖诺普利具有抗高血压作用。但是,在两项研究中,接受10、20或80毫克赖诺普利治疗的患者血压降低的速度都更快,而且降幅更大。在对照的临床研究中,已将轻度至中度高血压患者中的赖诺普利20-80 mg与氢氯噻嗪12.5-50 mg和阿替洛尔50-200 mg进行了比较。在中度至重度高血压患者中,应服用美托洛尔100-200 mg。在3/4高加索人中,它对收缩压和舒张压的影响优于氢氯噻嗪。利诺普利在舒张压方面的作用近似于阿替洛尔和美托洛尔,对收缩压的作用更大。

Lisinopril在年轻和年长(大于65岁)患者中具有相似的疗效和不良反应。在黑人中,其效果不如在白种人中。

在原发性高血压患者的血液动力学研究中,血压降低伴随着外周动脉阻力的降低,而心输出量和心率几乎没有改变。在一项针对9名高血压患者的研究中,赖诺普利给药后,平均肾脏血流量增加并不显着。来自几项小型研究的数据在赖诺普利对肾功能正常的高血压患者肾小球滤过率的影响方面并不一致,但表明变化不大。

在患有肾血管性高血压的患者中,赖诺普利已被证明具有良好的耐受性,并且可以有效控制血压(请参阅预防措施)。

小儿患者

在一项涉及115名6至16岁的高血压小儿患者的临床研究中,体重不足50千克的患者每天接受0.625、2.5或20毫克赖诺普利的治疗,体重≥50千克的患者则接受1.25、5或40毫克的治疗赖诺普利每日。在2周结束时,赖诺普利以1.25毫克(0.02毫克/千克)的剂量每天以剂量依赖性方式降低谷血压,并具有一致的降压功效。这种作用在戒断阶段得到了证实,在随机分组中,安慰剂组患者的舒张压比随机分组中,高剂量赖诺普利组的患者舒张压升高约9 mmHg。赖诺普利的剂量依赖性降压作用在多个人口统计学亚组中是一致的:年龄,坦纳分期,性别和种族。在这项研究中,赖诺普利通常具有良好的耐受性。

在上述儿科研究中,赖诺普利以片剂或混悬剂的形式提供给那些无法吞咽片剂或需要的剂量低于片剂形式的儿童和婴儿。

心脏衰竭

在基线对照临床试验中,接受洋地黄和利尿剂的患者,单剂量赖诺普利可导致肺毛细血管楔压,全身血管阻力和血压降低,同时心输出量增加,心率无变化。

在两项使用最多20毫克赖诺普利的安慰剂对照的12周临床研究中,赖诺普利作为洋地黄和利尿剂的辅助疗法改善了以下由充血性心力衰竭引起的体征和症状:水肿,ra音,阵发性夜间呼吸困难和颈静脉扩张。在其中一项研究中,还注意到以下方面的有益反应:呼吸,第三心音的存在以及被分类为NYHA III级和IV级的患者人数。在这项研究中,运动耐力也得到了改善。每天一次用于治疗充血性心力衰竭的剂量是临床试验开发期间唯一使用的剂量方案,并通过血液动力学反应的测定来确定。一项大型(超过3000例患者)生存研究ATLAS试验比较了心力衰竭患者2.5毫克和35毫克赖诺普利的结果,发现更高剂量的赖诺普利与至少更低剂量的预后相似。

急性心肌梗塞

Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvienza nell'Infarto Miocardico(GISSI-3)研究是一项多中心,对照,随机,无盲临床试验,在19,394例急性心肌梗死患者中接受了冠心病治疗。它旨在检查赖诺普利,硝酸盐,它们的组合或不进行短期治疗(6周)对短期(6周)死亡率以及长期死亡和明显心脏功能受损的影响。在症状发作后24小时内血流动力学稳定的患者,以2 x 2因子设计随机分配至6周,分别为1)赖诺普利(n = 4841),2)硝酸盐(n = 4869), 3)赖诺普利加硝酸盐(n = 4841),或4)开放对照(n = 4843)。所有患者均接受常规治疗,包括溶栓剂(72%),阿司匹林(84%)和β受体阻滞剂(31%),通常在急性心肌梗死(MI)患者中使用。

该方案排除了低血压(收缩压(100 mmHg),严重心力衰竭,心源性休克和肾功能不全(血清肌酐大于2 mg / dL和/或蛋白尿大于500 mg / 24 h)的患者。根据协议进行必要的调整(请参阅DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION)。

除非临床状况表明继续治疗,否则在六周时退出研究治疗。

该试验的主要结果是心肌梗死后6周的总死亡率和6个月的综合终点,包括死亡,迟发(第4天)临床充血性心力衰竭或广泛左心病的患者人数与未接受赖诺普利的患者(n = 9672)相比,单独或与硝酸盐合用的赖诺普利(n = 9646)导致的心室损伤的死亡风险降低了11%(2p [两尾] = 0.04)(6.4%vs. 7.2)分别在6周时%)。尽管随机分配接受赖诺普利治疗长达6周的患者在6个月的综合终点上也取得了更好的数字,但是心力衰竭评估的开放性,后续超声心动图的实质性损失以及赖诺普利在6岁之间的大量过量使用在随机分配至赖诺普利6周的组中的第3周和6个月,排除了有关此终点的任何结论。

赖诺普利治疗的急性心肌梗塞患者持续性低血压(收缩压低于90 mmHg持续1小时以上)的发生率较高(9%比3.7%),而肾功能不全的发生率较高(2.4%比1.1%)。并在六周内(肌酐浓度增至3 mg / dL以上或基线血清肌酐浓度增加一倍或更多)。见不良反应急性心肌梗塞。

适应症和用途

高血压

利诺普利片用于治疗高血压。它们可以单独用作初始疗法,也可以与其他类型的降压药同时使用。

心脏衰竭

对于对利尿剂和洋地黄没有足够反应的患者,在治疗心力衰竭时,可以使用利诺普利片作为辅助治疗。

急性心肌梗塞

Lisinopril片适用于在急性心肌梗死后24小时内治疗血液动力学稳定的患者,以提高生存率。患者应酌情接受标准推荐的治疗方法,例如溶栓剂,阿司匹林和β受体阻滞剂。

在使用赖诺普利片时,应考虑到另一种血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂卡托普利引起粒细胞缺乏症,特别是在肾功能不全或胶原血管疾病患者中,并且现有数据不足以表明赖诺普利片未引起有类似的风险。 (请参阅警告)。

在考虑使用赖诺普利片时,应注意的是,在对照临床试验中,ACEI抑制剂对血压的影响在黑人患者中比非黑人患者少。此外,与非黑人患者相比,黑人中ACE抑制剂与更高的血管性水肿发生率有关(请参阅警告,过敏性反应和可能相关的反应)。

禁忌症

对该产品过敏的患者以及有与以前使用血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂治疗有关的血管性水肿病史的患者以及遗传性或特发性血管性水肿的患者,禁忌使用利诺普利。


警告

过敏反应和可能相关的反应

据推测,由于血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂会影响类花生酸和多肽(包括内源性缓激肽)的代谢,因此接受ACE抑制剂(包括赖诺普利)的患者可能会发生多种不良反应,其中一些反应很严重。

头颈部血管性水肿

据报道,接受血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂(包括赖诺普利)治疗的患者的面部,四肢,嘴唇,舌头,声门和/或喉部血管性水肿。这可能在治疗期间的任何时间发生。与非黑人患者相比,黑人中的ACE抑制剂与更高的血管性水肿发生率有关。应立即停用赖诺普利,并应提供适当的治疗和监测措施,直到完全和持续缓解症状和体征。即使在仅涉及舌头肿胀而没有呼吸窘迫的情况下,患者也可能需要长时间观察,因为用抗组胺药和糖皮质激素治疗可能还不够。很少有因喉部水肿或舌头水肿引起的血管性水肿而导致死亡的报道。舌,声门或喉部受累的患者可能会发生气道阻塞,尤其是那些有气道手术史的患者。如果舌,声门或喉部受累,可能导致气道阻塞,应采取适当的治疗措施,例如皮下肾上腺素溶液1:1000(0.3 mL至0.5 mL)和/或确保迅速通畅的必要措施(请参阅不良反应)。

肠血管性水肿

ACE抑制剂治疗的患者有肠道血管性水肿的报道。这些患者表现出腹痛(有或没有恶心或呕吐);在某些情况下,没有面部血管性水肿的病史,C-1酯酶水平正常。通过包括腹部CT扫描或超声检查在内的程序或在手术中诊断出血管性水肿,并在停用ACE抑制剂后症状得以缓解。在出现腹痛的ACE抑制剂患者的鉴别诊断中应包括肠道血管性水肿。

具有与ACE抑制剂治疗无关的血管性水肿病史的患者在接受ACE抑制剂时可能会增加血管性水肿的风险(另请参见适应症,用法和禁忌症)。

脱敏过程中的类过敏反应

两名在接受ACE抑制剂的同时接受膜翅目毒液脱敏治疗的患者持续威胁生命的类过敏反应。在同一例患者中,当暂时停用ACE抑制剂时可避免这些反应,但在无意中再次出现时会再次出现。

膜暴露过程中的类过敏反应

在一些用高通量膜(例如,AN69®*)透析并同时使用ACE抑制剂治疗的患者中,据报告突然发生并可能危及生命的类过敏反应。在此类患者中,必须立即停止透析,并且必须开始积极治疗类过敏反应。在这些情况下,抗组胺药不能缓​​解症状。在这些患者中,应考虑使用不同类型的透析膜或不同种类的降压药。在进行低密度脂蛋白单采与硫酸葡聚糖吸收的患者中也有过敏样反应的报道。

* AN69是Hospal Ltd.的注册商标。

低血压

单纯用赖诺普利治疗的单纯性高血压患者很少会出现过低的血压。

接受赖诺普利治疗的心力衰竭患者通常血压会有所降低,在给药后6至8小时会出现血压峰值降低。 ATLAS两剂试验的证据表明,心力衰竭患者低血压的发生率可能随赖诺普利剂量的增加而增加。当遵循用药说明时,通常不需要因为持续的症状性低血压而停止治疗。开始治疗时应注意。 (请参阅剂量和管理)。

患有低血压风险的患者,有时与少尿和/或进行性氮质血症相关,很少有急性肾衰竭和/或死亡,包括以下情况或特征:收缩压低于100 mmHg的心力衰竭,低钠血症,高剂量利尿剂治疗,近期密集利尿或利尿剂剂量增加,肾脏透析或任何病因的严重体积和/或盐耗不足。对于能够耐受这种调整的高血压风险患者,在开始使用赖诺普利治疗之前,建议先利尿剂消除(心力衰竭患者除外),谨慎地减少利尿剂剂量或增加食盐摄入量。 (请参阅预防措施药物相互作用和不良反应)。

用赖诺普利治疗时,在GISSI-3试验中患有急性心肌梗塞的患者发生持续性低血压(收缩压低于90 mmHg超过1小时)的发生率较高(9%比3.7%)。在使用血管扩张药(例如,收缩压为100 mmHg或更低)或心源性休克治疗后有进一步严重血流动力学恶化风险的急性心肌梗死患者中,不得开始使用赖诺普利治疗。

对于有过度低血压危险的患者,应在非常严格的医学监督下开始治疗,并且在治疗的前两周以及增加赖诺普利和/或利尿剂的剂量时应密切随访这些患者。类似的考虑可能适用于患有缺血性心脏病或脑血管疾病的患者,或患有急性心肌梗塞的患者,在这些患者中,血压过度下降可能会导致心肌梗塞或脑血管意外。

如果发生过度的低血压,应将患者仰卧,并在必要时接受生理盐水的静脉输注。短暂的降压反应并不是进一步增加赖诺普利剂量的禁忌症,一旦血压稳定,通常即可轻松服用。如果出现症状性低血压,可能需要降低或停用赖诺普利或伴随利尿剂的剂量。

白细胞减少症/中性粒细胞减少/粒细胞缺乏症

已显示另一种血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂卡托普利可引起粒细胞缺乏症和骨髓抑制,在简单的患者中很少发生,但在肾功能不全的患者中更常见,尤其是如果他们也患有胶原蛋白血管疾病。赖诺普利临床试验的可用数据不足以表明赖诺普利不会以相似的速率引起粒细胞缺乏症。市场经验表明,白细胞减少症/中性粒细胞减少症和骨髓抑制的罕见病例无法排除与赖诺普利的因果关系。应该考虑对胶原血管疾病和肾脏疾病患者进行白细胞计数的定期监测。

肝功能衰竭

很少有ACE抑制剂与以胆汁淤积性黄疸或肝炎开始并发展为暴发性肝坏死和(有时)死亡的综合征相关。该综合征的机制尚不清楚。接受ACE抑制剂而出现黄疸或肝酶显着升高的患者应停用ACE抑制剂并接受适当的医学随访。

胎儿/新生儿发病率和死亡率

向孕妇服用时,ACEI抑制剂可导致胎儿和新生儿发病及死亡。世界文献中已经报道了数十起病例。当检测到怀孕时,应尽快停用ACE抑制剂。

在一项已发表的回顾性流行病学研究中,与母亲没有在孕早期暴露于ACE抑制剂药物的婴儿相比,母亲在怀孕前三个月服用ACE抑制剂药物的婴儿似乎发生先天性畸形的风险增加。出生缺陷的病例数量很少,该研究的结果尚未重复。

妊娠中期和中期使用ACE抑制剂与胎儿和新生儿损伤有关,包括低血压,新生儿颅骨发育不全,无尿,可逆性或不可逆性肾衰竭和死亡。羊水过少也有报道,可能是由于胎儿肾功能下降引起的。在这种情况下羊水过少与胎儿肢体挛缩,颅面变形和肺发育不良有关。早产,子宫内发育迟缓和动脉导管未闭也有报道,尽管尚不清楚这些事件是否是由于ACE抑制剂暴露引起的。

这些不良反应似乎不是由于宫内ACE抑制剂暴露所致,而宫内ACE抑制剂的暴露仅限于孕早期。应当仅告知其胚胎和胎儿仅在妊娠前三个月才接触ACE抑制剂的母亲。但是,当患者怀孕时,医生应尽一切努力尽快停止使用赖诺普利。

很少(可能少于每千次怀孕一次),没有找到ACE抑制剂的替代品。在这些罕见的情况下,应告知母亲其胎儿的潜在危害,并应进行连续超声检查以评估羊膜内环境。

如果发现羊水过少,除非认为它可以挽救母亲的生命,否则应停用赖诺普利。根据怀孕的一周,可以进行收缩压力测试(CST),非压力测试(NST)或生物物理轮廓(BPP)。但是,患者和医生应该意识到,羊水过少可能要等到胎儿遭受不可逆转的伤害之后才会出现。

有子宫内暴露于ACE抑制剂史的婴儿应密切观察其低血压,少尿和高钾血症。如果发生少尿,应注意支持血压和肾灌注。作为逆转低血压和/或替代功能紊乱的肾功能的手段,可能需要进行换血或透析。跨胎盘的赖诺普利已通过腹膜透析从新生儿循环系统中移除,具有一定的临床益处,尽管在后一种方法上没有经验,但理论上可以通过换血法移除。

在怀孕大鼠,小鼠和兔子的研究中未发现赖诺普利有致畸作用。以mg / kg为基础,所用剂量最高为建议最大人类剂量的625倍(小鼠),188倍(大鼠)和0.6倍(兔子)。

预防措施

一般

主动脉瓣狭窄/肥厚性心肌病

与所有血管扩张药一样,对于左心室流出道梗阻的患者,应谨慎使用赖诺普利。

肾功能受损

由于抑制了肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统,因此易感人群的肾功能可能会发生变化。在严重充血性心力衰竭的患者中,其肾功能可能取决于肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统的活性,血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂(包括赖诺普利)的治疗可能与少尿和/或进行性氮质血症有关,很少发生急性肾衰竭和/或死亡。

在患有单侧或双侧肾动脉狭窄的高血压患者中,血尿素氮和血清肌酐可能升高。使用另一种血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂的经验表明,赖氨普利和/或利尿剂治疗中止后,这些增加通常是可逆的。在此类患者中,应在治疗的最初几周内监测肾功能。

一些患有高血压或心力衰竭但没有明显的既往存在的肾血管疾病的患者的血尿素氮和血清肌酐水平升高,通常是轻微和短暂的升高,尤其是当赖诺普利与利尿剂同时使用时。既往有肾功能不全的患者更容易发生这种情况。可能需要减少剂量和/或停用利尿药和/或赖诺普利。

赖诺普利治疗的GISSI-3试验中患有急性心肌梗死的患者在院内和六周时(肌酐浓度增至3 mg / dL以上或翻倍或更高)发生率较高(2.4%对1.1%)基线血肌酐浓度)。在急性心肌梗塞中,对于有肾功能不全(定义为血清肌酐浓度超过2 mg / dL)的患者,应谨慎开始赖诺普利治疗。如果在用赖诺普利治疗期间出现肾功能不全(血清肌酐浓度超过3 mg / dL或比治疗前值增加一倍),则医生应考虑停用赖诺普利。

对高血压,心力衰竭或心肌梗死患者的评估应始终包括对肾功能的评估。 (请参阅剂量和管理)。

高钾血症

在临床试验中,约2.2%的高血压患者和4.8%的心力衰竭患者发生高钾血症(血清钾大于5.7 mEq / L)。在大多数情况下,这些是孤立的值,尽管继续治疗仍然可以解决。高钾血症是约0.1%的高血压患者中止治疗的原因。 0.6%的心力衰竭患者和0.1%的心肌梗死患者。高钾血症发生的危险因素包括肾功能不全,糖尿病以及与同时使用保钾利尿剂,钾补充剂和/或含钾盐替代品。高钾血症可引起严重的心律失常,有时甚至致命。谨慎使用赖诺普利,如果有的话,应谨慎使用这些药物,并经常监测血清钾(参见预防措施,药物相互作用)。

咳嗽

据推测,由于抑制了内源性缓激肽的降解,所有ACEI抑制剂均出现持续性非生产性咳嗽,几乎总是在停药后得到缓解。在咳嗽的鉴别诊断中应考虑ACE抑制剂引起的咳嗽。

手术/麻醉

在进行大手术或在麻醉过程中使用会产生低血压的药物的患者,赖诺普利可阻断继发性补肾素释放后血管紧张素II的形成。如果发生低血压并且被认为是由于这种机制引起的,则可以通过体积扩张予以纠正。

给患者的信息

血管性水肿

在使用血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂(包括赖诺普利)治疗期间,血管水肿(包括喉头水肿)可随时发生。应该这样建议患者,并告知患者应立即报告任何提示血管性水肿的症状或体征(面部,四肢,眼睛,嘴唇,舌头,吞咽或呼吸困难),并且不要再服用药物,直到他们与处方医生协商。

有症状的低血压

应警告患者报告头昏眼花,尤其是在治疗的头几天。如果发生实际晕厥,应告知患者停药,直到他们咨询了处方医生为止。

所有患者均应注意,由于体液减少,过度排汗和脱水可能导致血压过度下降。其他引起体力消耗的原因,例如呕吐或腹泻,也可能导致血压下降;建议患者咨询医师。

高钾血症

应当告知患者不要在未咨询医生的情况下使用含钾盐替代品。

低血糖症

应当告知接受口服降糖药或开始使用ACE抑制剂的胰岛素治疗的糖尿病患者要密切监测低血糖,尤其是在联合使用的第一个月内。 (请参阅预防措施,药物相互作用。)

白细胞减少症/中性粒细胞减少

应告知患者及时报告可能是白细胞减少/中性粒细胞减少的迹象的任何感染迹象(例如,喉咙痛,发烧)。

怀孕

应告知育龄女性患者怀孕期间接触ACE抑制剂的后果。应要求这些患者尽快向医生报告怀孕情况。

注意:与许多其他药物一样,有必要为接受赖诺普利治疗的患者提供某些建议。该信息旨在帮助安全有效地使用该药物。这不是所有可能的不利影响或预期影响的披露。

药物相互作用

低血压-利尿剂治疗的患者

使用利尿剂的患者,尤其是最近开始使用利尿剂治疗的患者,在开始使用赖诺普利治疗后,偶尔会出现血压过度降低的情况。可以通过在开始用赖诺普利治疗之前中止利尿剂或增加盐的摄入量来使赖诺普利具有降压作用的可能性最小化。如果有必要继续利尿剂,开始以每天5 mg的剂量使用赖诺普利进行治疗,并在初始剂量后提供密切的医疗监督,直到血压稳定为止(请参阅“警告”,“剂量和用法”)。在接受赖诺普利的患者的治疗中添加利尿剂时,通常会观察到额外的降压作用。 ACE抑制剂与利尿剂联合使用的研究表明,与利尿剂一起使用时,ACE抑制剂的剂量可以减少。 (请参阅剂量和管理)。

抗糖尿病药

流行病学研究表明,与ACE抑制剂和抗糖尿病药(胰岛素,口服降糖药)同时使用可能会导致降血糖作用增强,并伴有低血糖风险。在联合治疗的最初几周和肾功能不全的患者中,这种现象似乎更有可能发生。在接受口服降糖药或胰岛素治疗的糖尿病患者中,应密切监测血糖控制的低血糖状况,尤其是在使用ACE抑制剂治疗的第一个月期间。

非甾体抗炎药

在一些正在接受非甾体抗炎药治疗的肾功能受损的患者中,赖诺普利的共同给药可能导致肾功能进一步恶化。这些影响通常是可逆的。在一项对36位轻度至中度高血压患者的研究中,将赖诺普利的单独降压作用与伴随吲哚美辛的赖诺普利的降压作用进行了比较,尽管两种方案之间的差异并不显着,但使用吲哚美辛的作用却有所降低。

其他代理商

赖诺普利已与硝酸盐和/或地高辛同时使用,而没有临床上明显的不良相互作用的证据。这包括接受静脉内或经皮硝酸甘油治疗的心肌梗死后患者。当赖诺普利与普萘洛尔或氢氯噻嗪同时使用时,没有发生临床上重要的药代动力学相互作用。 The presence of food in the stomach does not alter the bioavailability of lisinopril.

增加血清钾的药剂

Lisinopril attenuates potassium loss caused by thiazide-type diuretics. Use of lisinopril with potassium-sparing diuretics (eg, spironolactone, eplerenone, triamterene or amiloride), potassium supplements, or potassium-containing salt substitutes may lead to significant increases in serum potassium.因此,如果由于表现出低血钾症而建议同时使用这些药物,则应谨慎使用并经常监测血清钾。 Potassium sparing agents should generally not be used in patients with heart failure who are receiving lisinopril.



Lithium toxicity has been reported in patients receiving lithium concomitantly with drugs which cause elimination of sodium, including ACE inhibitors. Lithium toxicity was usually reversible upon discontinuation of lithium and the ACE inhibitor. It is recommended that serum lithium levels be monitored frequently if lisinopril is administered concomitantly with lithium.

Gold

Nitritoid reactions (symptoms include facial flushing, nausea, vomiting and hypotension) have been reported rarely in patients on therapy with injectable gold (sodium aurothiomalate) and concomitant ACE inhibitor therapy including lisinopril.

致癌,诱变,生育力受损

There was no evidence of a tumorigenic effect when lisinopril was administered for 105 weeks to male and female rats at doses up to 90 mg/kg/day (about 56 or 9 times* the maximum recommended daily human dose, based on body weight and body surface area, respectively). There was no evidence of carcinogenicity when lisinopril was administered for 92 weeks to (male and female) mice at doses up to 135 mg/kg/day (about 84 times* the maximum recommended daily human dose). This dose was 6.8 times the maximum human dose based on body surface area in mice.

Lisinopril was not mutagenic in the Ames microbial mutagen test with or without metabolic activation. It was also negative in a forward mutation assay using Chinese hamster lung cells. Lisinopril did not produce single strand DNA breaks in an in vitro alkaline elution rat hepatocyte assay. In addition, lisinopril did not produce increases in chromosomal aberrations in an in vitro test in Chinese hamster ovary cells or in an in vivo study in mouse bone marrow.

There were no adverse effects on reproductive performance in male and female rats treated with up to 300 mg/kg/day of lisinopril. This dose is 188 times and 30 times the maximum human dose when based on mg/kg and mg/m2, respectively.

*Calculations assume a human weight of 50 kg and human body surface area of 1.62 m2.

怀孕

Pregnancy Categories C (first trimester) and D (second and third trimesters).请参阅警告,胎儿/新生儿发病率和死亡率。

护理母亲

Milk of lactating rats contains radioactivity following administration of 14C lisinopril.尚不清楚该药物是否从人乳中排泄。 Because many drugs are excreted in human milk and because of the potential for serious adverse reactions in nursing infants from ACE inhibitors, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or discontinue lisinopril, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother.

儿科用

Antihypertensive effects of lisinopril have been established in hypertensive pediatric patients aged 6 to 16 years.

There are no data on the effect of lisinopril on blood pressure in pediatric patients under the age 6 or in pediatric patients with glomerular filtration rate less than 30 mL/min/1.73 m2 (See CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism and Pharmacodynamics and Clinical Effects, and DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION .)

Geriatic Use

Clinical studies of lisinopril in patients with hypertension did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. Other clinical experience in this population has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients.一般而言,老年患者的剂量选择应谨慎,通常从给药范围的低端开始,这反映出肝,肾或心脏功能下降以及伴随疾病或其他药物治疗的频率更高。

In the ATLAS trial of lisinopril in patients with congestive heart failure, 1,596 (50%) were 65 and over, while 437 (14%) were 75 and over. In a clinical study of lisinopril in patients with myocardial infarctions 4,413 (47%) were 65 and over, while 1,656 (18%) were 75 and over. In these studies, no overall differences in safety or effectiveness were observed between elderly and younger patients, and other reported clinical experiences has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients (see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, Pharmacodynamics and Clinical Effects, Heart Failure and CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, Pharmacodynamics and Clinical Effects, Acute Myocardial Infarction ).

Other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between elderly and younger patients, but greater sensitivity of some older individuals cannot be ruled out.

Pharmacokinetic studies indicate that maximum blood levels and area under the plasma concentration time curve (AUC) are doubled in older patients (see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism ).

已知该药物基本上被肾脏排泄,并且在肾功能受损的患者中对该药物产生毒性反应的风险可能更大。由于老年患者更容易出现肾功能下降,因此应谨慎选择剂量。 Evaluation of patients with hypertension, congestive heart failure, or myocardial infarction should always include assessment of renal function (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION ).

不良反应

Lisinopril has been found to be generally well tolerated in controlled clinical trials involving 1969 patients with hypertension or heart failure. For the most part, adverse experiences were mild and transient.

高血压

In clinical trials in patients with hypertension treated with lisinopril, discontinuation of therapy due to clinical adverse experiences occurred in 5.7% of patients. The overall frequency of adverse experiences could not be related to total daily dosage within the recommended therapeutic dosage range.

For adverse experiences occurring in greater than 1% of patients with hypertension treated with lisinopril or lisinopril plus hydrochlorothiazide in controlled clinical trials, and more frequently with lisinopril and/or lisinopril plus hydrochlorothiazide than placebo, comparative incidence data are listed in the table below:

PERCENT OF PATIENTS IN CONTROLLED STUDIES

利诺普利
(n=1349)
Incidence
(discontinuation)
Lisinopril/ Hydrochlorothiazide
(n=629)
Incidence
(discontinuation)
安慰剂
(n=207)
Incidence
(discontinuation)
身体整体



疲劳2.5 (0.3) 4.0 (0.5) 1.0 (0.0)
虚弱1.3(0.5)
2.1(0.2)
1.0 (0.0)
Orthostatic Effects 1.2 (0.0)
3.5 (0.2) 1.0 (0.0)
心血管的



低血压1.2 (0.5)
1.6 (0.5) 0.5 (0.5)
Digestive



腹泻2.7 (0.2) 2.7 (0.3) 2.4 (0.0)
恶心2.0 (0.4) 2.5(0.2)
2.4 (0.0)
呕吐1.1 (0.2) 1.4(0.1) 0.5 (0.0)
消化不良0.9 (0.0)
1.9(0.0) 0.0(0.0)
肌肉骨骼



Muscle Cramps 0.5 (0.0) 2.9 (0.8) 0.5 (0.0)
Nervous/Psychiatric



头痛5.7 (0.2) 4.5 (0.5) 1.9(0.0)
头晕5.4 (0.4) 9.2 (1.0)
1.9(0.0)
感觉异常0.8 (0.1) 2.1(0.2) 0.0(0.0)
性欲减退0.4 (0.1) 1.3(0.1) 0.0(0.0)
眩晕0.2 (0.1)
1.1 (0.2) 0.0(0.0)
呼吸道



咳嗽3.5 (0.7)
4.6 (0.8)
1.0 (0.0)
Upper Respiratory Infection 2.1 (0.1) 2.7 (0.1)
0.0(0.0)
Common Cold 1.1 (0.1)
1.3(0.1) 0.0(0.0)
鼻塞0.4 (0.1) 1.3(0.1) 0.0(0.0)
流感0.3 (0.1)
1.1 (0.1) 0.0(0.0)
皮肤



皮疹1.3(0.4) 1.6(0.2) 0.5 (0.5)
Urogenital



1.0 (0.4)
1.6 (0.5) 0.0(0.0)
Chest pain and back pain were also seen, but were more common on placebo than lisinopril.

心脏衰竭

In patients with heart failure treated with lisinopril for up to four years, discontinuation of therapy due to clinical adverse experiences occurred in 11% of patients. In controlled studies in patients with heart failure, therapy was discontinued in 8.1% of patients treated with lisinopril for 12 weeks, compared to 7.7% of patients treated with placebo for 12 weeks.

The following table lists those adverse experiences which occurred in greater than 1% of patients with heart failure treated with lisinopril or placebo for up to 12 weeks in controlled clinical trials, and more frequently on lisinopril than placebo.

Controlled Trials


Lisinopril (n=407)
Incidence
(discontinuation)
12 weeks
Placebo (n=155)
Incidence
(discontinuation)
12 weeks





身体整体


胸痛
3.4 (0.2)
1.3(0.0)
腹痛
2.2 (0.7) 1.9(0.0)

心血管的


低血压
4.4 (1.7)
0.6(0.6)

Digestive


腹泻
3.7 (0.5) 1.9(0.0)

Nervous/Psychiatric


头晕
11.8 (1.2) 4.5 (1.3)
头痛
4.4 (0.2) 3.9 (0.0)

呼吸道


Upper Respiratory Infection
1.5(0.0) 1.3(0.0)

皮肤


皮疹
1.7 (0.5) 0.6(0.6)
Also observed at less than 1% with lisinopril but more frequent or as frequent on placebo than lisinopril in controlled trials were asthenia, angina pectoris, nausea, dyspnea, cough, and pruritus.

Worsening of heart failure, anorexia, increased salivation, muscle cramps, back pain, myalgia, depression, chest sound abnormalities, and pulmonary edema were also seen in controlled clinical trials, but were more common on placebo than lisinopril.

In the two-dose ATLAS trial in heart failure patients, withdrawals due to adverse events were not different between the low and high groups, either in total number of discontinuation (17-18%) or in rare specific events (less than 1%). The following adverse events, mostly related to ACE inhibition, were reported more commonly in the high dose group:

% of patients Events
High Dose
(N=1568)
Low dose
(N=1596)
头晕18.9 12.1
低血压10.8 6.7
Creatinine-increased 9.9 7.0
高钾血症6.4 3.5
NPN * increased 9.2 6.5
昏厥7.0 5.1
* NPN = non-protein nitrogen

Acute Myocardial Infarction

In the GISSI-3 trial, in patients treated with lisinopril for six weeks following acute myocardial infarction, discontinuation of therapy occurred in 17.6% of patients.

Patients treated with lisinopril had a significantly higher incidence of hypotension and renal dysfunction compared with patients not taking lisinopril.

In the GISSI-3 trial, hypotension (9.7%), renal dysfunction (2%), cough (0.5%), post infarction angina (0.3%), skin rash and generalized edema (0.01%), and angioedema (0.01%) resulted in withdrawal of treatment. In elderly patients treated with lisinopril, discontinuation due to renal dysfunction was 4.2%.

Other clinical adverse experiences occurring in 0.3% to 1.0% of patients with hypertension or heart failure treated with lisinopril in controlled clinical trials and rarer, serious, possibly drug-related events reported in uncontrolled studies or marketing experience are listed below, and within each category are in order of decreasing severity:

身体整体

Anaphylactoid reactions (see WARNINGS, Anaphylactoid and Possibly Related Reactions ), syncope, orthostatic effects, chest discomfort, pain, pelvic pain, flank pain, edema, facial edema, virus infection, fever, chills, malaise.

Cardiovascular: Cardiac arrest; myocardial infarction or cerebrovascular accident possibly secondary to excessive hypotension in high risk patients (see WARNINGS, Hypotension ); pulmonary embolism and infarction, arrhythmias (including ventricular tachycardia, atrial tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, bradycardia and premature ventricular contractions), palpitations, transient ischemic attacks, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, orthostatic hypotension, decreased blood pressure, peripheral edema, vasculitis.

Digestive: Pancreatitis, hepatitis (hepatocellular or cholestatic jaundice) (see WARNINGS, Hepatic Failure ), vomiting, gastritis, dyspepsia, heartburn, gastrointestinal cramps, constipation, flatulence, dry mouth.

Hematologic: Rare cases of bone marrow depression, hemolytic anemia, leukopenia/neutropenia and thrombocytopenia.

Endocrine: Diabetes mellitus, inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion.

Metabolic: Weight loss, dehydration, fluid overload, gout, weight gain. Cases of hypoglycemia in diabetic patients on oral antidiabetic agents or insulin have been reported in post-marketing experience (See PRECAUTIONS, Drug Interactions ).

Musculoskeletal: Arthritis, arthralgia, neck pain, hip pain, low back pain, joint pain, leg pain, knee pain, shoulder pain, arm pain, lumbago.

Nervous System/Psychiatric: Stroke, ataxia, memory impairment, tremor, peripheral neuropathy (eg, dysesthesia), spasm, paresthesia, confusion, insomnia, somnolence, hypersomnia, irritability, nervousness and mood alterations (including depressive symptoms).

Respiratory System: Malignant lung neoplasms, hemoptysis, pulmonary infiltrates, bronchospasm, asthma, pleural effusion, pneumonia, eosinophilic pneumonitis, bronchitis, wheezing, orthopnea, painful respiration, epistaxis, laryngitis, sinusitis, pharyngeal pain, pharyngitis, rhinitis, rhinorrhea.

Skin: Urticaria, alopecia, herpes zoster, photosensitivity, skin lesions, skin infections, pemphigus, erythema, flushing, diaphoresis, cutaneous pseudolymphoma. Other severe skin reactions have been reported rarely, including toxic epidermal necrolysis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome; causal relationship has not been established.

Special Senses: Visual loss, diplopia, blurred vision, tinnitus, photophobia, taste disturbances.

Urogenital System: Acute renal failure, oliguria, anuria, uremia, progressive azotemia, renal dysfunction (see PRECAUTIONS and DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION ), pyelonephritis, dysuria, urinary tract infection, breast pain.

Miscellaneous: A symptom complex has been reported which may include a positive ANA, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, arthralgia/arthritis, myalgia, fever, vasculitis, eosinophilia and leukocytosis. Rash, photosensitivity or other dermatological manifestations may occur alone or in combination with these symptoms.

Angioedema: Angioedema has been reported in patients receiving lisinopril (0.1%) with an incidence higher in Black than in non-Black patients.与喉头水肿相关的血管性水肿可能是致命的。 If angioedema of the face, extremities, lips, tongue, glottis and/or larynx occurs, treatment with lisinopril should be discontinued and appropriate therapy instituted immediately (See WARNINGS).

In rare cases, intestinal angioedema has been reported in post marketing experience.

Hypotension: In hypertensive patients, hypotension occurred in 1.2% and syncope occurred in 0.1% of patients with an incidence higher in Black than in non-Black patients. Hypotension or syncope was a cause of discontinuation of therapy in 0.5% of hypertensive patients. In patients with heart failure, hypotension occurred in 5.3% and syncope occurred in 1.8% of patients. These adverse experiences were possibly dose-related (see above data from ATLAS Trial) and caused discontinuation of therapy in 1.8% of these patients in the symptomatic trials. In patients treated with lisinopril for six weeks after acute myocardial infarction, hypotension (systolic blood pressure (100 mmHg) resulted in discontinuation of therapy in 9.7% of the patients. (See WARNINGS).

Fetal/Neonatal Morbidity and Mortality: See WARNINGS, Fetal/Neonatal Morbidity and Mortality.

Cough: See PRECAUTIONS, Cough

Pediatric Patients: No relevant differences between the adverse experience profile for pediatric patients and that previously reported for adult patients were identified.

CLINICAL LABORATORY TEST FINDINGS

Serum Electrolytes: Hyperkalemia (See PRECAUTIONS ), hyponatremia.

Creatinine, Blood Urea Nitrogen: Minor increases in blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine, reversible upon discontinuation of therapy, were observed in about 2% of patients with essential hypertension treated with lisinopril alone. Increases were more common in patients receiving concomitant diuretics and in patients with renal artery stenosis (See PRECAUTIONS). Reversible minor increases in blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine were observed in approximately 11.6% of patients with heart failure on concomitant diuretic therapy. Frequently, these abnormalities resolved when the dosage of the diuretic was decreased.

Hemoglobin and Hematocrit: Small decreases in hemoglobin and hematocrit (mean decreases of approximately 0.4 g% and 1.3 vol%, respectively) occurred frequently in patients treated with lisinopril but were rarely of clinical importance in patients without some other cause of anemia.在临床试验中,只有不到0.1%的患者因贫血而中止治疗。 Hemolytic anemia has been reported; a causal relationship to lisinopril cannot be excluded.

Liver Function Tests: Rarely, elevations of liver enzymes and/or serum bilirubin have occurred (See WARNINGS, Hepatic Failure).

In hypertensive patients, 2.0% discontinued therapy due to laboratory adverse experiences, principally elevations in blood urea nitrogen (0.6%), serum creatinine (0.5%) and serum potassium (0.4%).

In the heart failure trials, 3.4% of patients discontinued therapy due to laboratory adverse experiences; 1.8% due to elevations in blood urea nitrogen and/or creatinine and 0.6% due to elevations in serum potassium.

In the myocardial infarction trial, 2.0% of patients receiving lisinopril discontinued therapy due to renal dysfunction (increasing creatinine concentration to over 3 mg/dL or a doubling or more of the baseline serum creatinine concentration); less than 1.0% of patients discontinued therapy due to other laboratory adverse experiences: 0.1% with hyperkalemia and less than 0.1% with hepatic enzyme alterations.

过量

Following a single oral dose of 20 g/kg no lethality occurred in rats, and death occurred in one of 20 mice receiving the same dose. The most likely manifestation of overdosage would be hypotension, for which the usual treatment would be intravenous infusion of normal saline solution.

Lisinopril can be removed by hemodialysis (See WARNINGS, Anaphylactoid Reactions During Membrane Exposure).

剂量和给药

高血压

Initial Therapy: In patients with uncomplicated essential hypertension not on diuretic therapy, the recommended initial dose is 10 mg once a day. Dosage should be adjusted according to blood pressure response. The usual dosage range is 20 to 40 mg per day administered in a single daily dose. The antihypertensive effect may diminish toward the end of the dosing interval regardless of the administered dose, but most commonly with a dose of 10 mg daily. This can be evaluated by measuring blood pressure just prior to dosing to determine whether satisfactory control is being maintained for 24 hours. If it is not, an increase in dose should be considered. Doses up to 80 mg have been used but do not appear to give greater effect. If blood pressure is not controlled with lisinopril tablet alone, a low dose of a diuretic may be added. Hydrochlorothiazide, 12.5 mg has been shown to provide an additive effect. After the addition of a diuretic, it may be possible to reduce the dose of lisinopril tablet.

Diuretic Treated Patients: In hypertensive patients who are currently being treated with a diuretic, symptomatic hypotension may occur occasionally following the initial dose of lisinopril tablet. The diuretic should be discontinued, if possible, for two to three days before beginning therapy with lisinopril tablet to reduce the likelihood of hypotension (See WARNINGS). The dosage of lisinopril tablet should be adjusted according to blood pressure response. If the patient's blood pressure is not controlled with lisinopril tablet alone, diuretic therapy may be resumed as described above.

If the diuretic cannot be discontinued, an initial dose of 5 mg should be used under medical supervision for at least two hours and until blood pressure has stabilized for at least an additional hour (See WARNINGS and PRECAUTIONS, Drug Interactions).

Concomitant administration of lisinopril with potassium supplements, potassium salt substitutes, or potassium-sparing diuretics may lead to increases of serum potassium (See PRECAUTIONS).

Dosage Adjustment in Renal Impairment: The usual dose of lisinopril tablet (10 mg) is recommended for patients with creatinine clearance Greater than 30 mL/min (serum creatinine of up to approximately 3 mg/dL). For patients with creatinine clearance Greater than or equal to 10 mL/min Less than or equal to 30 mL/min (serum creatinine Greater than or equal to 3 mg/dL), the first dose is 5 mg once daily. For patients with creatinine clearance less than 10 mL/min (usually on hemodialysis) the recommended initial dose is 2.5 mg. The dosage may be titrated upward until blood pressure is controlled or to a maximum of 40 mg daily.

Renal Status
Creatinine
清仓
mL/min
Initial
剂量
mg/day
Normal Renal Function to Mild Impairment Greater than 30 10
Moderate to Severe Impairment Greater than or equal to 10 less than or equal to 30
5
Dialysis Patients* Less than 10 2.5†
* See WARNINGS, Anaphylactoid Reactions During Membrane Exposure.
† Dosage or dosing interval should be adjusted depending on the blood pressure response.

Heart Failure: Lisinopril tablets are indicated as adjunctive therapy with diuretics and (usually) digitalis. The recommended starting dose is 5 mg once a day. When initiating treatment with