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舒马曲坦片剂USP包含舒马曲坦(作为琥珀酸酯),一种选择性的5-羟色胺1受体亚型激动剂。舒马曲坦琥珀酸酯USP在化学上被称为3- [2-(二甲氨基)乙基] -N-甲基吲哚-5-甲磺酰胺琥珀酸酯(1:1),它具有以下结构:
分子式为C 14 H 21 N 3 O 2 S·C 4 H 6 O 4 ,分子量为413.5。舒马曲坦琥珀酸酯USP是白色至类白色粉末,易溶于水和盐水。每种口服舒马普坦片USP包含35、70或140 mg的舒马曲坦琥珀酸酯USP,分别相当于25、50或100 mg舒马曲坦。每片还含有非活性成分交联羧甲基纤维素钠,无水乳糖,乳糖一水合物,硬脂酸镁,甘露醇,微晶纤维素,滑石粉,二氧化钛和三醋精。
苏门曲普坦是血管5-羟色胺1受体亚型(可能是5-HT 1D家族的成员)的激动剂,对5-HT 1A ,5-HT 5A和5-HT 7受体的亲和力很小亲和力或药理学活性(如使用标准放射性配体结合测定法测量的)在5-HT 2,5-HT 3或5-HT 4受体亚型或在阿尔法1-,阿尔法2-,或β-肾上腺素能;多巴胺1 ;多巴胺2 ;毒蕈碱或苯二氮卓类受体。
舒马曲坦激活的血管5-HT 1受体亚型存在于狗和灵长类动物的颅动脉,人基底动脉以及人硬脑膜的脉管系统中,并介导血管收缩。人类的这种行为与偏头痛的缓解有关。来自动物的实验数据表明,除引起血管收缩外,舒马普坦还可以激活支配颅骨血管的三叉神经周围末端的5-HT 1受体。这种作用也可能有助于舒马曲坦对人的抗偏头痛作用。
在麻醉的狗中,舒马曲坦选择性降低颈动脉血流,而对动脉血压或总外周阻力几乎没有影响。在猫中,舒马曲坦选择性收缩颈动脉动静脉吻合术,而对脑或脑外组织的血流或抵抗力影响很小。
口服舒马普坦100 mg后,口服25 mg的平均最大浓度为18 ng / mL(范围:7至47 ng / mL)和51 ng / mL(范围:28至100 ng / mL)。这与分别以5和20mg鼻内剂量给药后的C max为5和16ng / mL相比。皮下注射6 mg后的平均C max为71 ng / mL(范围:49至110 ng / mL)。生物利用度约为15%,主要是由于系统前代谢,部分是由于吸收不完全。在偏头痛发作期间和无偏头痛期间,C max相似,但是在发作期间t max稍晚一些,大约为2.5小时,而2.0小时为。当以单剂量形式给药时,舒马曲坦在25至200 mg的剂量范围内在其吸收程度(曲线[AUC]下的面积)上显示出剂量比例,但100 mg后的C max比预期的要低25%(基于25毫克的剂量)。
一项食品效果研究涉及在空腹条件下和高脂饮食下向健康志愿者服用100 mg舒马普坦片,表明在进食状态下服用Cmax和AUC分别增加了15%和12%。
血浆蛋白结合率低(14%至21%)。尚未评估舒马曲坦对其他药物的蛋白质结合的影响,但鉴于蛋白质结合率低,预计这种影响很小。表观分布体积为2.4 L / kg。
舒马曲坦的消除半衰期约为2.5小时。口服放射性标记的14 C-舒马曲普坦主要通过肾脏排泄(约60%),在粪便中约占40%。尿液中排泄的大多数放射性标记化合物是主要代谢物,即惰性的吲哚乙酸(IAA)或IAA葡糖醛酸。只有3%的剂量可以恢复为不变的舒马曲坦。
对人体微粒体的体外研究表明,舒马曲坦被单胺氧化酶(MAO)代谢,主要是A同工酶,该酶的抑制剂可能会改变舒马曲坦的药代动力学,从而增加全身暴露。用MAO-B抑制剂未见明显作用(参见禁忌症,警告和注意事项:药物相互作用)。
肾功能不全:尚未研究肾功能不全对舒马曲坦药代动力学的影响,但由于舒马曲坦主要被代谢成非活性物质,因此临床预期效果不大。
肝功能不全肝脏在口服舒马曲坦的全身清除中起重要作用。因此,在患有肝病的患者中,舒马曲坦口服后的生物利用度可能显着增加。在一项针对性别,年龄和体重与健康受试者相匹配的肝功能不全患者(N = 8)的小型研究中,与健康人群相比,肝功能不全患者的AUC和C max最高增加了约70%,最大40分钟主题(请参阅剂量和管理)。
年龄老年人(平均年龄,72岁;男性2名,女性4名)和偏头痛患者(平均年龄,38岁;男性25名,女性155名)中口服舒马曲坦的药代动力学与健康男性(平均年龄)相似,30年)(请参阅预防措施:老年人使用)。
性别在一项将雌性与雄性进行比较的研究中,未观察到性别之间的AUC,C max ,t max和半衰期的药代动力学差异。
种族舒马曲坦的全身清除率和C max在黑人(N = 34)和白种人(N = 38)健康男性受试者中相似。
用MAO-A抑制剂治疗通常会导致舒马曲坦血浆水平升高(请参阅禁忌症和注意事项)。
由于肠道和肝脏代谢的首过效应,MAO-A抑制剂与口服舒马曲坦共同给药后全身暴露的增加大于单胺氧化酶抑制剂(MAOI)与皮下舒马曲坦共同给药后的全身暴露增加。在一项针对14位健康女性的研究中,使用MAO-A抑制剂预处理可降低皮下舒马曲坦的清除率。在该实验的条件下,结果是舒马曲坦血浆浓度x时间曲线(AUC)下面积增加了2倍,相当于消除半衰期增加了40%。对于MAO-B抑制剂,这种相互作用不明显。
一项小型研究评估了用MAO-A抑制剂预处理对25 mg口服舒马曲坦片剂的生物利用度的影响,导致全身暴露量增加了约7倍。
醇舒马曲坦摄取前30分钟饮酒对舒马曲坦的药代动力学没有影响。
在3项随机,双盲,安慰剂对照研究中证明了舒马普坦片在急性偏头痛治疗中的功效。参加这3项研究的患者主要是女性(87%)和白种人(97%),平均年龄为40岁(18至65岁)。指导患者治疗中度至重度头痛。头痛反应定义为在给药后4小时内头痛程度从中度或重度疼痛减轻至轻度或无痛。还评估了相关的症状,例如恶心,畏光和恐惧心理。在给药后24小时内评估反应的维持。初次治疗后4到24小时再给予第二剂量的舒马曲坦片或其他药物治疗复发性头痛。如果偏头痛疼痛没有改善或恶化,则在初始治疗后2小时开始向研究2和3中的患者提供对乙酰氨基酚。在初次治疗后4到24小时内允许使用其他药物治疗复发性头痛或所有3项研究中的抢救药物。还确定了使用这些额外治疗的频率和时间。在所有研究中,将25、50和100毫克的剂量与治疗偏头痛的安慰剂进行了比较。在一项研究中,还分别比较了25、50和100 mg的剂量。
在所有3项试验中,所有剂量的舒马普坦片治疗的患者在治疗后2小时和4小时达到头痛反应的百分比均显着高于接受安慰剂的患者。在3项研究中的1项中,与25毫克剂量组相比,在50或100毫克组中,在2和4小时出现头痛反应的患者在统计学上显着更高。在任何研究中,50和100 mg剂量组之间在统计学上没有显着差异。表1总结了这3项对照临床试验的结果。
基于在不同临床试验中获得的结果进行的药物性能比较从来都不可靠。因为研究是由不同的研究者在不同的时间,不同的患者样本下进行的,采用不同的标准和/或对同一标准的不同解释,在不同条件下(剂量,给药方案等),治疗反应的定量估计和预计响应时间因研究而异。
安慰剂 2小时4小时 | 舒马普坦片 25毫克 2小时4小时 | 舒马普坦片 50毫克 2小时4小时 | 舒马普坦片 100毫克 2小时4小时 | |
研究1 | 27%38% | 52%67% | 61% ab % ab | 62%绝对79%绝对 |
(N = 94) | (N = 298) | (N = 296) | (N = 296) | |
研究2 | 26%38% | 52%70% | 50%68% | 56%71% |
(N = 65) | (N = 66) | (N = 62) | (N = 66) | |
研究3 | 17%19% | 52%65% | 54%和72% a | 57% a 78% a |
(N = 47) | (N = 48) | (N = 46) | (N = 46) |
的p <0.05与安慰剂相比。
与25 mg相比, b p <0.05。
在图1中描述了在治疗后4小时内达到初始头痛反应的估计概率。
实现的图1。估计概率初始头痛反应在240分钟
a该图显示了舒马曲坦治疗后随时间推移出现头痛反应(无或轻度疼痛)的可能性。显示的平均值基于3个临床对照试验的合并数据,提供了疗效证据。患者在240分钟内未达到响应和/或无法抢救的Kaplan-Meier图被审查为240分钟。
对于基线时有偏头痛相关的恶心,畏光和/或恐惧症的患者,在服用舒马普坦片后2小时(研究1)和4小时(研究1、2和3)时,这些症状的发生率较低与安慰剂相比。
最早在研究2的2小时和研究1的3或4个小时,直到研究治疗的初始剂量后的24个小时,患者可以以第二次研究治疗或其他剂量的形式使用其他缓解疼痛的方法药物。图2总结了在初始治疗剂量后的24小时内,患者第二次服用偏头痛或其他药物治疗偏头痛的可能性。
图2.患者服用第二剂或其他药物治疗偏头痛在24个小时的估计概率以下的研究治疗的初始剂量
基于在3项临床对照试验中获得的数据得出的Kaplan-Meier图,提供了在不检查长达24小时的情况下未使用其他治疗方法的患者中疗效的证据。该图还包括对初始剂量无反应的患者。用药后2小时内不得采取任何补救措施。
有证据表明,高于50毫克的剂量不能提供比50毫克更大的效果。没有证据表明舒马曲坦治疗与复发性头痛的严重程度增加有关。舒马曲坦片的疗效不受先兆的影响;治疗前头痛的持续时间;患者的性别,年龄或体重;与月经的关系;或同时使用常见的偏头痛预防药物(例如,β受体阻滞剂,钙通道阻滞剂,三环类抗抑郁药)。没有足够的数据来评估种族对功效的影响。
舒马曲坦片适用于成人有或没有先兆的偏头痛发作的急性治疗。
苏门曲普坦片不适用于偏头痛的预防性治疗或用于偏瘫或基底偏头痛的治疗(请参阅禁忌症)。舒马曲坦片的安全性和有效性尚未被证实可用于丛集性头痛,而丛集性头痛目前存在于年龄较大的男性人群中。
舒马曲坦片不应给予有缺血性心脏,脑血管或外周血管综合征的病史,症状或体征的患者。此外,患有其他重要的潜在心血管疾病的患者不应接受舒马普坦片。缺血性心脏综合征包括但不限于任何类型的心绞痛(例如,稳定的心绞痛,血管痉挛性心绞痛,如Prinzmetal变体),所有形式的心肌梗塞和无症状的心肌缺血。
脑血管综合症包括但不限于任何类型的中风以及短暂性脑缺血发作。周围血管疾病包括但不限于缺血性肠病(请参阅警告)。
由于舒马普坦片可能会导致血压升高,因此不应将其用于高血压不受控制的患者。
禁止同时使用MAO-A抑制剂或在停用MAO-A抑制剂的两周内使用(请参阅临床药理学:药物相互作用和注意事项:药物相互作用)。
偏瘫或基底性偏头痛患者不应服用舒马曲坦片。
舒马曲坦片剂和任何含麦角胺的或麦角类药物(如二氢麦角胺或甲基麦角麦角胺)均不得在24小时之内使用,舒马普坦和另一种5-HT 1激动剂也不应使用。
对舒马曲坦或其任何成分过敏的患者禁用苏门曲普坦片。
舒马曲坦片对严重肝功能不全的患者禁用。
舒马曲坦片应仅在明确诊断出偏头痛的情况下使用。
舒马曲坦不宜用于已证明有缺血性或血管痉挛性冠心病(CAD)的患者(请参阅禁忌证)。强烈建议对于存在以下危险因素(例如高血压,高胆固醇血症,吸烟者,肥胖,糖尿病,CAD家族史牢固,患有外科或生理性更年期的女性,年龄在40岁以上的男性),除非心血管评估提供令人满意的临床证据表明该患者合理地没有冠状动脉和缺血性心肌病或其他重要的潜在心血管疾病。心脏诊断程序检测心血管疾病或易患冠状动脉血管痉挛的敏感性充其量只是充其量。如果在心血管评估过程中,患者的病史或心电图检查发现发现指示或与冠状动脉痉挛或心肌缺血相一致的结果,则不应给予舒马普坦治疗(请参阅禁忌证)。
对于确定具有可预测的心血管疾病评估结果的可预测CAD的危险因素的患者,强烈建议在医生办公室或类似的医务人员和配备完善的设施中进行舒马曲坦片的首剂给药,除非患者先前已接受舒马曲坦。因为在没有临床症状的情况下可能会发生心脏缺血,所以对于这些有危险因素的患者,应考虑在舒马曲坦片剂紧接间隔后的第一次使用心电图(ECG)的情况下获得心电图。
建议间歇性长期使用舒马曲坦的患者,并且如上所述具有或获得可预测CAD的危险因素的患者,在继续使用舒马曲坦的同时进行定期的心血管评估。
上述系统性方法旨在降低患有无法识别的心血管疾病患者意外接触舒马曲坦的可能性。
舒马普坦琥珀酸盐注射液或舒马普坦片给药后数小时内,出现了严重的不良心脏事件,包括急性心肌梗塞,危及生命的心律紊乱和死亡。考虑到舒马曲坦在偏头痛患者中的使用程度,这些事件的发生率极低。
舒马普坦可引起冠脉血管痉挛的事实,其中一些事件发生在既往没有心脏病史且没有CAD记录的患者中,并且这些事件与舒马普坦的使用非常接近,这支持以下结论:由药物引起的。但是,在许多情况下,如果已经知道潜在的冠状动脉疾病,则这种关系是不确定的。
苏门曲普坦的售前经验在6,348例偏头痛患者中,他们参加了口服舒马曲坦的上市前对照和非对照临床试验,其中2例患者在接受口服舒马曲坦后不久即发生了临床不良事件,可能反映了冠脉血管痉挛。这些不良事件均与严重的临床结果无关。
在超过1,900例偏头痛患者参加了皮下舒马普坦的上市前对照临床试验,其中8例患者在接受舒马普坦期间或之后持续发生临床事件,可能反映了冠状动脉血管痉挛。这8例患者中有6例的ECG改变与短暂性脑缺血一致,但没有伴随的临床症状或体征。在这8例患者中,有4例在研究入选之前就具有提示CAD的发现或预测CAD的危险因素。
在大约4,000名参加舒马曲坦鼻喷剂上市前对照和非对照临床试验的偏头痛患者中,有1名患者可能在冠状动脉痉挛事件后发生了无症状的心内膜下梗死。
苏门曲普坦的售后经验据报道,与舒马普坦琥珀酸盐注射液或舒马普坦片相关的严重心血管事件(其中一些会导致死亡)。但是,售后监督的不受控制的性质使得无法确切确定舒马曲坦实际引起的报告病例比例,也无法可靠地评估个别病例的因果关系。从临床的角度来看,舒马曲坦给药与临床事件发作之间的潜伏期越长,这种联系起因的可能性就越小。因此,兴趣集中在舒马曲坦给药后1小时内开始的事件。
舒马普坦给药后1小时内已观察到心脏事件,包括:冠状动脉血管痉挛,短暂性缺血,心肌梗塞,室性心动过速和室颤,心脏骤停和死亡。
其中一些事件发生在没有CAD征象的患者中,似乎代表了冠状动脉血管痉挛的后果。然而,在舒马曲坦给药后1小时内发生的严重心脏事件的国内报道中,几乎所有患者的危险因素都可预测CAD,并且存在明显的潜在基础
口服或皮下舒马普坦治疗的患者有脑出血,蛛网膜下腔出血,中风和其他脑血管事件的报道,其中一些死亡。舒马曲坦与这些事件的关系尚不确定。在许多情况下,似乎有可能是脑血管事件是原发性的,舒马普坦是在不正确地认为所经历的症状是由偏头痛引起的情况下才服用的。与其他急性偏头痛治疗一样,在以前没有被诊断为偏头痛的患者以及表现出非典型症状的偏头痛中,治疗头痛之前,应注意排除其他可能出现的严重神经系统疾病。还应注意,偏头痛患者可能发生某些脑血管事件(例如,脑血管意外,短暂性脑缺血发作)的风险增加。
除冠状动脉血管痉挛外,舒马曲坦还可能引起血管痉挛反应。外周血管缺血和结肠缺血伴腹痛和血性腹泻都有报道。舒马曲坦的使用引起的短暂性和永久性失明以及严重的部分视力丧失的报道非常罕见。视觉障碍也可能是偏头痛发作的一部分。
曲坦类药物(包括舒马普坦)可能发生5-羟色胺综合征,特别是在与选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂(SSRIs)或5-羟色胺去甲肾上腺素再摄取抑制剂(SNRIs)组合使用时。自主神经不稳定(如心动过速,血压不稳定,体温过高),神经肌肉畸变(如过度反射,不协调)和/或胃肠道症状(如恶心,呕吐,腹泻)。症状发作可能在接受新的或更大剂量的血清素能药物后的几分钟到几小时内发生。如果怀疑有5-羟色胺综合征,应停止使用舒马曲坦治疗。
在有或没有高血压病史的患者中,极少数情况下已报告血压显着升高,包括高血压危象。舒马曲坦是高血压患者的禁忌症(见禁忌症) 。对于控制性高血压的患者,应谨慎服用舒马普坦,因为在少数患者中观察到血压和周围血管阻力暂时升高。
在服用MAO-A抑制剂的患者中,口服后推荐剂量的舒马曲坦血浆水平比在其他情况下获得的舒马曲坦血浆水平高7倍。因此,舒马曲坦片剂的共同给药和MAO-A抑制剂是禁忌的(见临床药理学和禁忌症)。
接受舒马普坦的患者极少发生超敏反应(过敏反应/类过敏反应)。这种反应可能危及生命或致命。通常,对多种过敏原有敏感史的人更容易发生药物超敏反应(请参阅禁忌症)。
使用舒马普坦片后有胸部不适和下巴或颈部紧绷的报道,服用舒马普坦琥珀酸鼻喷雾剂后很少见。舒马普坦琥珀酸盐注射液给药后,胸部,下颌或颈部紧绷相对常见。这些症状很少与缺血性ECG改变有关。但是,由于舒马普坦可能引起冠状动脉血管痉挛,因此在接受其他剂量的舒马曲坦之前,应评估舒马普坦后出现心绞痛征兆或症状的患者是否存在CAD或普林兹金属变型心绞痛的易感性,并应进行心电图监测恢复,类似症状再次出现。同样,舒马普坦后出现其他症状或体征提示动脉血流减少的患者,如缺血性肠综合症或雷诺氏综合症,应进行动脉粥样硬化或血管痉挛的易感性评估(请参阅警告)。
对于可能会改变药物吸收,代谢或排泄(例如肝或肾功能受损)的疾病的患者,也应谨慎服用舒马曲坦。
舒马曲坦给药后有癫痫发作的报道极少。有癫痫病史或癫痫发作阈值降低相关疾病的患者应谨慎使用舒马曲坦。
对于以前未诊断为偏头痛或非典型头痛的患者,在治疗头痛之前应注意排除其他潜在的严重神经系统疾病。很少有报道称患者接受舒马普坦治疗后因严重头痛而继发于继发于神经病变的继发性头痛(请参阅警告)。
对于给定的发作,如果患者对舒马曲坦的第一剂无反应,则应在给予第二剂之前重新考虑偏头痛的诊断。
急性偏头痛药物(例如,麦角胺,曲坦类,阿片类药物或药物组合,每月使用10天或更长时间)的过度使用可能导致头痛加重(药物过度使用性头痛)。用药过度头痛可能表现为类似于偏头痛的日常头痛,或偏头痛发作频率的显着增加。可能需要对患者进行排毒,包括停用过量的药物,以及治疗戒断症状(通常包括短暂性头痛加重)。偏头痛患者应被告知过度用药的风险,并鼓励记录头痛频率和用药情况。
有关提供给患者的单独传单的信息,请参见本标签末尾的PATENTTINFORMATION 。
应警告患者使用舒马曲坦或其他曲普坦治疗血清素综合征的风险,尤其是在与SSRI或SNRI并用时。
不建议在舒马曲坦治疗之前和/或之后进行专门的实验室检查以监测患者。
据报道,在同时使用SSRI或SNRI和曲坦类药物时,会危及生命的血清素综合症(请参阅“警告” )。
麦角类药物据报道,含麦角醇的药物可引起长时间的血管痉挛反应。因为从理论上讲这些作用可能是加和的,所以应避免在彼此之间的24小时之内使用含麦角胺或麦角类药物(如二氢麦角胺或美塞麦肽)和舒马普坦(请参阅禁忌证)。
单胺氧化酶-A抑制剂MAO-A抑制剂会降低舒马曲坦的清除率,从而显着增加全身暴露。因此,禁止在接受MAO-A抑制剂的患者中使用舒马曲坦片剂(请参阅临床药理学和禁忌症)。
未知舒马曲坦片剂会干扰常用的临床实验室测试。
在致癌性研究中,通过强饲法(大鼠:104周)或饮用水(小鼠:78周)给大鼠和小鼠给予舒马曲坦。接受最高剂量(160 mg / kg /天的目标剂量)的小鼠所达到的平均暴露量约为最大推荐单次口服剂量100 mg后人类所达到暴露量的40倍。给予大鼠的最高剂量(160 mg / kg /天,从第21周的360 mg / kg /天减少)约为最大建议单人口服剂量100 mg(以mg / m 2为基础)的15倍。没有证据表明与舒马普坦给药有关的任何一种肿瘤的增加。
诱变在2种基因突变检测(Ames检测和体外哺乳动物仓鼠V79 / HGPRT检测)中进行测试时,无论是否存在代谢活化,苏门曲普坦均不致突变。在2种细胞遗传学测定中(体外人淋巴细胞测定和体内大鼠微核测定),舒马曲坦与致癌活性无关。
生育能力受损在一项雄性和雌性大鼠在交配之前和整个交配期间每天口服舒马曲坦的研究中,在以50和500 mg / kg / day的剂量治疗的动物中,继交配减少后,与生育相关的生育力下降。此发现的最高无效剂量为5 mg / kg /天,或以mg / m 2为基础的最大建议单人口服剂量100 mg的一半左右。目前尚不清楚该问题与男性或女性的治疗有关,还是与两者的治疗有关。在一项通过皮下途径进行的类似研究中,没有证据表明最大测试剂量60 mg / kg /天会导致生育能力受损,这大约等于100 mg / m 3的最大推荐单人口服剂量的6倍2基础。
致畸作用:妊娠C类。在大鼠和兔子的生殖毒性研究中,舒马曲坦口服治疗与胚胎致死率,胎儿异常和幼仔死亡率有关。当通过静脉内途径对兔子给药时,舒马普坦已被证明具有胚胎致死性。没有针对孕妇的充分且对照良好的研究。因此,只有在潜在益处证明对胎儿有潜在风险的情况下,才应在妊娠期间使用舒马普坦。在评估此信息时,应考虑以下发现。
胚性在整个器官发生期间,每天对怀孕的兔子口服或静脉内给予舒马曲坦,其剂量等于或接近产生母体毒性的剂量,可导致胚胎致死。在口服研究中,该剂量为100 mg / kg /天,在静脉研究中,该剂量为2 mg / kg /天。胚胎致死性的机制尚不清楚。口服途径对胚胎致死率的最高无影响剂量为50 mg / kg /天,约为以mg / m 2为基础的单次人类最大建议口服剂量100 mg的9倍。通过静脉内途径,最高无效剂量为0.75 mg / kg /天,或以mg / m 2为基础的最大单次推荐人口服剂量100 mg的十分之一。
舒马曲坦在整个器官发生过程中以12.5 mg / kg /天(测试的最大剂量)静脉内给予妊娠大鼠静脉注射,未引起胚胎致死性。该剂量相当于以mg / m 2为基础的最大单次人类口服推荐剂量100 mg。此外,在一项对大鼠进行的研究中,在怀孕前和整个妊娠期间每天以60 mg / kg /天的剂量给予皮下舒马普坦,这是所测试的最大剂量,没有证据表明胚胎/胎儿致死性增加。该剂量相当于以mg / m 2为基础的最大推荐单人口服剂量100 mg的6倍。
致畸性在器官发生期间口服舒马普坦对怀孕大鼠进行口服治疗,导致约250 mg / kg /天或更高剂量的血管异常(宫颈胸膜和脐带)发生率增加。最高无效应剂量约为60 mg / kg /天,约为基于mg / m 2的单次最大推荐人口服剂量100 mg的6倍。在器官发生期间口服舒马普坦对怀孕的兔子进行口服治疗会导致宫颈胸腔血管和骨骼异常的发生率增加。这些作用的最高无作用剂量为15 mg / kg /天,约为以mg / m 2为基础的单次最大人类建议口服剂量100 mg的3倍。
一项在大鼠妊娠之前和整个妊娠期间每日口服舒马曲坦的研究表明,胚胎/胎儿毒性(体重减轻,骨化减少,肋骨变异发生率增加)和畸形综合症的发生率增加(短尾巴/短身)和脊椎紊乱),剂量为500 mg / kg /天。最高无效应剂量为50 mg / kg /天,约为基于mg / m 2的单次推荐人类最大口服剂量100 mg的5倍。 In a study in rats dosed daily with subcutaneous sumatriptan prior to and throughout pregnancy, at a dose of 60 mg/kg/day, the maximum dose tested, there was no evidence of teratogenicity. This dose is equivalent to approximately 6 times the maximum recommended single human oral dose of 100 mg on a mg/m 2 basis.
Pup DeathsOral treatment of pregnant rats with sumatriptan during the period of organogenesis resulted in a decrease in pup survival between birth and postnatal day 4 at doses of approximately 250 mg/kg/day or higher. The highest no-effect dose for this effect was approximately 60 mg/kg/day, or 6 times the maximum single recommended human oral dose of 100 mg on a mg/m 2 basis.
Oral treatment of pregnant rats with sumatriptan from gestational day 17 through postnatal day 21 demonstrated a decrease in pup survival measured at postnatal days 2, 4, and 20 at the dose of 1,000 mg/kg/day. The highest no-effect dose for this finding was 100 mg/kg/day, approximately 10 times the maximum single recommended human oral dose of 100 mg on a mg/m 2 basis. In a similar study in rats by the subcutaneous route there was no increase in pup death at 81 mg/kg/day, the highest dose tested, which is equivalent to 8 times the maximum single recommended human oral dose of 100 mg on a mg/m 2 basis.
Sumatriptan is excreted in human breast milk following subcutaneous administration. Infant exposure to sumatriptan can be minimized by avoiding breastfeeding for 12 hours after treatment with sumatriptan tablets.
Safety and effectiveness of sumatriptan tablets in pediatric patients have not been established.
Completed placebo-controlled clinical trials evaluating oral sumatriptan (25 to 100 mg) in pediatric patients aged 12 to 17 years enrolled a total of 701 adolescent migraineurs. These studies did not establish the efficacy of oral sumatriptan compared to placebo in the treatment of migraine in adolescents. Adverse events observed in these clinical trials were similar in nature to those reported in clinical trials in adults. The frequency of all adverse events in theses patients appeared to be both dose- and age-dependent, with younger patients reporting events more commonly than older adolescents. Post-marketing experience includes a limited number of reports that describe pediatric patients who have experienced adverse events, some clinically serious, after use of subcutaneous sumatriptan and/or oral sumatriptan. These reports include events similar in nature to those reported rarely in adults. A myocardial infarct has been reported in a 14-year-old male following the use of oral sumatriptan; clinical signs occurred within 1 day of drug administration. Since clinical data to determine the frequency of serious adverse events in pediatric patients who might receive injectable, oral, or intranasal sumatriptan are not presently available, the use of sumatriptan in patients aged younger than 18 years is not recommended.
The use of sumatriptan in elderly patients is not recommended because elderly patients are more likely to have decreased hepatic function, they are at higher risk for CAD, and blood pressure increases may be more pronounced in the elderly (see WARNINGS ).
Serious cardiac events, including some that have been fatal, have occurred following the use of sumatriptan succinate injection or tablets. These events are extremely rare and most have been reported in patients with risk factors predictive of CAD. Events reported have included coronary artery vasospasm, transient myocardial ischemia, myocardial infarction, ventricular tachycardia, and ventricular fibrillation (see CONTRAINDICATIONS , WARNINGS , and PRECAUTIONS ) .
Significant hypertensive episodes, including hypertensive crises, have been reported on rare occasions in patients with or without a history of hypertension (see WARNINGS ).
Table 2 lists adverse events that occurred in placebo-controlled clinical trials in patients who took at least 1 dose of study drug. Only events that occurred at a frequency of 2% or more in any group treated with sumatriptan tablets and were more frequent in that group than in the placebo group are included in Table 2. The events cited reflect experience gained under closely monitored conditions of clinical trials in a highly selected patient population. In actual clinical practice or in other clinical trials, these frequency estimates may not apply, as the conditions of use, reporting behavior, and the kinds of patients treated may differ.
Adverse Event Type | Percent of Patients Reporting | |||
安慰剂 (N = 309) | 苏门曲普坦 25毫克 (N = 417) | 苏门曲普坦 50毫克 (N = 771) | 苏门曲普坦 100毫克 (N = 437) | |
Atypical sensations | 4% | 5% | 6% | 6% |
Paresthesia (all types) | 2% | 3% | 5% | 3% |
Sensation warm/cold | 2% | 3% | 2% | 3% |
Pain and other pressure sensations | 4% | 6% | 6% | 8% |
Chest - pain/tightness/pressure and/or heaviness | 1% | 1% | 2% | 2% |
Neck/throat/jaw - pain/ tightness/pressure | <1% | <1% | 2% | 3% |
Pain - location specified | 1% | 2% | 1% | 1% |
Other - pressure/tightness/ heaviness | 2% | 1% | 1% | 3% |
神经病学 | ||||
眩晕 | <1% | <1% | <1% | 2% |
其他 | ||||
Malaise/fatigue | <1% | 2% | 2% | 3% |
a Events that occurred at a frequency of 2% or more in the group treated with sumatriptan tablets and that occurred more frequently in that group than the placebo group.
Other events that occurred in more than 1% of patients receiving sumatriptan tablets and at least as often on placebo included nausea and/or vomiting, migraine, headache, hyposalivation, dizziness, and drowsiness/sleepiness.
Sumatriptan tablets are generally well tolerated. Across all doses, most adverse reactions were mild and transient and did not lead to long-lasting effects. The incidence of adverse events in controlled clinical trials was not affected by gender or age of the patients. There were insufficient data to assess the impact of race on the incidence of adverse events.
In the paragraphs that follow, the frequencies of less commonly reported adverse clinical events are presented. Because the reports include events observed in open and uncontrolled studies, the role of sumatriptan tablets in their causation cannot be reliably determined. Furthermore, variability associated with adverse event reporting, the terminology used to describe adverse events, etc., limit the value of quantitative frequency estimates provided. Event frequencies are calculated as the number of patients who used sumatriptane tablets (25, 50, or 100 mg) and reported an event divided by the total number of patients (N = 6,348) exposed to sumatriptan tablets. All reported events are included except those already listed in the previous table, those too general to be informative, and those not reasonably associated with the use of the drug. Events are further classified within body system categories and enumerated in order of decreasing frequency using the following definitions: frequent adverse events are defined as those occurring in at least 1/100 patients, infrequent adverse events are those occurring in 1/100 to 1/1,000 patients, and rare adverse events are those occurring in fewer than 1/1,000 patients.
非典型的感觉Frequent were burning sensation and numbness. Infrequent was tight feeling in head. Rare were dysesthesia.
心血管的Frequent were palpitations, syncope, decreased blood pressure, and increased blood pressure. Infrequent were arrhythmia, changes in ECG, hypertension, hypotension, pallor, pulsating sensations, and tachycardia. Rare were angina, atherosclerosis, bradycardia, cerebral ischemia, cerebrovascular lesion, heart block, peripheral cyanosis, thrombosis, transient myocardial ischemia, and vasodilation.
Ear, Nose, and ThroatFrequent were sinusitis, tinnitus; allergic rhinitis; upper respiratory inflammation; ear, nose, and throat hemorrhage; external otitis; hearing loss; nasal inflammation; and sensitivity to noise. Infrequent were hearing disturbances and otalgia. Rare was feeling of fullness in the ear(s).
Endocrine and MetabolicInfrequent was thirst. Rare were elevated thyrotropin stimulating hormone (TSH) levels; galactorrhea; hyperglycemia; hypoglycemia;甲状腺功能减退; polydipsia;体重增加;减肥endocrine cysts, lumps, and masses; and fluid disturbances.
眼Rare were disorders of sclera, mydriasis, blindness and low vision, visual disturbances, eye edema and swelling, eye irritation and itching, accommodation disorders, external ocular muscle disorders, eye hemorrhage, eye pain, and keratitis and conjunctivitis.
胃肠道Frequent were diarrhea and gastric symptoms. Infrequent were constipation, dysphagia, and gastroesophageal reflux. Rare were gastrointestinal bleeding, hematemesis, melena, peptic ulcer, gastrointestinal pain, dyspeptic symptoms, dental pain, feelings of gastrointestinal pressure, gastritis, gastroenteritis, hypersalivation, abdominal distention, oral itching and irritation, salivary gland swelling, and swallowing disorders.
Hematological DisordersRare was anemia.
肌肉骨骼Frequent was myalgia. Infrequent was muscle cramps. Rare were tetany; muscle atrophy, weakness, and tiredness; arthralgia and articular rheumatitis; acquired musculoskeletal deformity; muscle stiffness, tightness, and rigidity; and musculoskeletal inflammation.
神经病学Frequent were phonophobia and photophobia. Infrequent were confusion, depression, difficulty concentrating, disturbance of smell, dysarthria, euphoria, facial pain, heat sensitivity, incoordination, lacrimation, monoplegia, sleep disturbance, shivering, syncope, and tremor. Rare were aggressiveness, apathy, bradylogia, cluster headache, convulsions, decreased appetite, drug abuse, dystonic reaction, facial paralysis, hallucinations, hunger, hyperesthesia, hysteria, increased alertness, memory disturbance, neuralgia, paralysis, personality change, phobia, radiculopathy, rigidity, suicide, twitching, agitation, anxiety, depressive disorders, detachment, motor dysfunction, neurotic disorders, psychomotor disorders, taste disturbances, and raised intracranial pressure.
呼吸道Frequent was dyspnea. Infrequent was asthma. Rare were hiccoughs, breathing disorders, cough, and bronchitis.
皮肤Frequent was sweating. Infrequent were erythema, pruritus, rash, and skin tenderness. Rare were dry/scaly skin, tightness of skin, wrinkling of skin, eczema, seborrheic dermatitis, and skin nodules.
BreastsInfrequent was tenderness. Rare were nipple discharge;乳房肿胀; cysts, lumps, and masses of breasts; and primary malignant breast neoplasm.
泌尿生殖器Infrequent were dysmenorrhea, increased urination, and intermenstrual bleeding. Rare were abortion and hematuria, urinary frequency, bladder inflammation, micturition disorders, urethritis, urinary infections, menstruation symptoms, abnormal menstrual cycle, inflammation of fallopian tubes, and menstrual cycle symptoms.
杂Frequent was hypersensitivity. Infrequent were fever, fluid retention, and overdose. Rare were edema, hematoma, lymphadenopathy, speech disturbance, voice disturbances, contusions.
The following adverse events occurred in clinical trials with sumatriptan succinate injection and sumatriptan succinate nasal spray. Because the reports include events observed in open and uncontrolled studies, the role of sumatriptan in their causation cannot be reliably determined. All reported events are included except those already listed, those too general to be informative, and those not reasonably associated with the use of the drug.
非典型的感觉Feeling strange, prickling sensation, tingling, and hot sensation.
心血管的Abdominal aortic aneurysm, abnormal pulse, flushing, phlebitis, Raynaud syndrome, and various transient ECG changes (nonspecific ST or T wave changes, prolongation of PR or QTc intervals, sinus arrhythmia, nonsustained ventricular premature beats, isolated junctional ectopic beats, atrial ectopic beats, delayed activation of the right ventricle).
Chest SymptomsChest discomfort.
Endocrine and MetabolicDehydration.
Ear, Nose, and ThroatDisorder/discomfort nasal cavity and sinuses, ear infection, Meniere disease, and throat discomfort.
眼Vision alterations.
胃肠道Abdominal discomfort, colitis, disturbance of liver function tests, flatulence/eructation, gallstones, intestinal obstruction, pancreatitis, and retching.
Injection Site Reaction MiscellaneousDifficulty in walking, hypersensitivity to various agents, jaw discomfort, miscellaneous laboratory abnormalities, “serotonin agonist effect,” swelling of the extremities, and swelling of the face.
Mouth and TeethDisorder of mouth and tongue (eg, burning of tongue, numbness of tongue, dry mouth).
肌肉骨骼Arthritis, backache, intervertebral disc disorder, neck pain/stiffness, need to flex calf muscles, and various joint disturbances (pain, stiffness, swelling, ache).
神经病学Bad/unusual taste, chills, diplegia, disturbance of emotions, sedation, globus hystericus, intoxication, myoclonia, neoplasm of pituitary, relaxation, sensation of lightness, simultaneous hot and cold sensations, stinging sensations, stress, tickling sensations, transient hemiplegia, and yawning.
呼吸道influenza and diseases of the lower respiratory tract and lower respiratory tract infection.
皮肤Skin eruption, herpes, and peeling of the skin.
泌尿生殖器Disorder of breasts, endometriosis, and renal calculus.
The following section enumerates potentially important adverse events that have occurred in clinical practice and that have been reported spontaneously to various surveillance systems. The events enumerated represent reports arising from both domestic and nondomestic use of oral or subcutaneous dosage forms of sumatriptan. The events enumerated include all except those already listed in the ADVERSE REACTIONS section above or those too general to be informative. Because the reports cite events reported spontaneously from worldwide postmarketing experience, frequency of events and the role of sumatriptan in their causation cannot be reliably determined. It is assumed, however, that systemic reactions following sumatriptan use are likely to be similar regardless of route of administration.
血液Hemolytic anemia, pancytopenia, thrombocytopenia.
心血管的Atrial fibrillation, cardiomyopathy, colonic ischemia (see WARNINGS ), Prinzmetal variant angina, pulmonary embolism, shock, thrombophlebitis.
Ear, Nose, and ThroatDeafness.
眼Ischemic optic neuropathy, retinal artery occlusion, retinal vein thrombosis, loss of vision.
胃肠道Ischemic colitis with rectal bleeding (see WARNINGS ), xerostomia.
肝的Elevated liver function tests.
神经病学Central nervous system vasculitis, cerebrovascular accident, dysphasia, serotonin syndrome, subarachnoid hemorrhage.
Non-Site SpecificAngioneurotic edema, cyanosis, death (see WARNINGS ), temporal arteritis.
PsychiatryPanic disorder.
呼吸道Bronchospasm in patients with and without a history of asthma.
皮肤Exacerbation of sunburn, hypersensitivity reactions (allergic vasculitis, erythema, pruritus, rash, shortness of breath, urticaria; in addition, severe anaphylaxis/anaphylactoid reactions have been reported [see WARNINGS ]), photosensitivity.
泌尿生殖器Acute renal failure.
One clinical study with sumatriptan succinate injection enrolling 12 patients with a history of substance abuse failed to induce subjective behavior and/or physiologic response ordinarily associated with drugs that have an established potential for abuse.
Patients (N