免责声明:FDA尚未发现该药物是安全有效的,并且该标签尚未获得FDA的批准。有关未经批准的药物的更多信息,请点击此处。
盐酸阿米替林片,美国药典
自杀和抗抑郁药:
在重大抑郁症(MDD)和其他精神疾病的短期研究中,与安慰剂相比,儿童,青少年和年轻人中自杀性思维和行为(自杀)的风险增加。任何考虑在儿童,青少年或年轻人中使用盐酸阿米替林片或任何其他抗抑郁药的人都必须在这种风险与临床需求之间取得平衡。短期研究并未显示与安慰剂相比,超过24岁的成年人服用抗抑郁药自杀的风险增加。与安慰剂相比,在65岁及以上的成年人中,抗抑郁药的风险有所降低。抑郁症和某些其他精神疾病本身与自杀风险增加有关。开始接受抗抑郁治疗的所有年龄段的患者均应接受适当监测,并密切观察其临床恶化,自杀倾向或异常行为改变。应告知家庭和看护人需要与处方者进行密切观察和沟通。盐酸阿米替林未获准用于儿科患者。 (请参阅警告:临床恶化和自杀风险,注意事项:患者信息和注意事项:儿科使用)
描述
盐酸阿米替林盐酸盐是一种二苯并环庚二烯衍生物,是白色或几乎白色的无味结晶性化合物,易溶于水和醇。
它的化学名称为10,11-二氢-N,N-二甲基-5H-二苯并[a,d]环庚烯-Δ5,γ-丙胺盐酸盐。它具有以下结构式:
每种口服片剂含有10、25、50、75、100或150 mg盐酸阿米替林。非活性成分包括胶体二氧化硅,羟丙基纤维素,羟丙基甲基纤维素,乳糖(一水合物),硬脂酸镁,微晶纤维素,聚乙二醇,预胶化淀粉(玉米)和二氧化钛。 10毫克还包括DandC红色#27铝色淀,DandC黄色#10铝色淀和FDandC蓝色#1铝色淀; 25 mg – DandC黄色#10铝色淀,FDandC蓝色#1铝色淀和FDandC红色#40铝色淀; 50 mg – FDandC蓝色#2铝色淀和FDandC红色#40铝色淀; 75 mg – DandC红色#7钙色淀和FDandC蓝色#2铝色淀; 100 mg – DandC红色#30铝色淀和DandC黄色#10铝色淀; 150 mg – DandC黄色#10铝色淀,FDandC蓝色#1铝色淀和FDandC红色#40铝色淀。
临床药理学
盐酸阿米替林是一种具有镇静作用的抗抑郁药。其在人体内的作用机理尚不清楚。它不是单胺氧化酶抑制剂,并且主要不是通过刺激中枢神经系统起作用。
阿米替林抑制肾上腺素能和血清素能神经元摄取去甲肾上腺素和血清素的膜泵机制。在药理上,此作用可能会增强或延长神经元的活性,因为这些生物胺的重新摄取在终止传递活性方面在生理上很重要。一些人认为,这种去甲肾上腺素和/或5-羟色胺再摄取的干扰是阿米替林的抗抑郁活性的基础。
适应症和用途
为缓解抑郁症状。与其他抑郁状态相比,内源性抑郁症更有可能得到缓解。
禁忌症
盐酸阿米替林是禁忌的患者,以前对它有超敏反应。
不应与单胺氧化酶抑制剂同时服用。同时服用三环类抗抑郁药和单胺氧化酶抑制药的患者发生高热病危机,严重惊厥和死亡。如果希望用盐酸阿米替林代替单胺氧化酶抑制剂,则应在停药前至少保留14天。然后应逐渐增加剂量谨慎地开始使用盐酸阿米替林,直至达到最佳反应。
盐酸阿米替林不宜与西沙必利一起服用,因为这可能会增加QT间期并增加心律失常的风险。
不建议在心肌梗塞后的急性恢复期使用该药。
警告
临床恶化和自杀风险
无论是成人还是儿童,无论是成人还是小儿,患有严重抑郁症(MDD)的患者都可能经历抑郁症的恶化和/或自杀意念和行为(自杀性)的出现或行为的异常变化,无论是否服用抗抑郁药,风险可能会持续到出现重大缓解。自杀是患抑郁症和某些其他精神疾病的已知风险,而这些疾病本身就是自杀的最强预测因子。但是,长期以来人们一直担心,抗抑郁药可能在治疗的早期阶段在某些患者中引起抑郁症的恶化和自杀倾向的出现。对抗抑郁药(SSRIs和其他药物)的短期安慰剂对照试验的汇总分析表明,这些药物会增加患有严重抑郁症的儿童,青少年和年轻人(18至24岁)的自杀思维和行为(自杀)的风险。疾病(MDD)和其他精神疾病。短期研究并未显示与安慰剂相比,超过24岁的成年人服用抗抑郁药自杀的风险增加。与安慰剂相比,在65岁及以上的成年人中抗抑郁药的含量有所降低。
对患有MDD,强迫症(OCD)或其他精神疾病的儿童和青少年进行的安慰剂对照试验的汇总分析,包括针对4400例患者的9种抗抑郁药的24项短期试验。对患有MDD或其他精神疾病的成人进行的安慰剂对照试验的汇总分析包括对7.7万名患者中的11种抗抑郁药进行的总共295项短期试验(中位持续时间2个月)。药物自杀倾向的风险差异很大,但对于几乎所有研究的药物,年轻患者都有增加的趋势。在不同适应症中自杀的绝对风险存在差异,其中MDD的发生率最高。但是,风险差异(药物与安慰剂)在年龄分层内和跨适应症相对稳定。表1列出了这些风险差异(每1000名接受治疗的自杀性药物中安慰剂的数量差异)。
年龄范围 | 药物安慰剂自杀案例的数量差异 每治疗1000名患者 |
与安慰剂相比增加 | |
小于18 | 其他14种情况 |
18-24 | 另外5种情况 |
与安慰剂相比下降 | |
25-64岁 | 少1个案例 |
大于或等于65 | 少6例 |
怀孕使用
怀孕类别C
当以2至40 mg / kg /天的剂量口服阿米替林(达人的最大推荐剂量的13倍)时,在小鼠,大鼠或兔子中未观察到致畸作用。文献研究表明,当阿米替林通过多种给药途径以28至100 mg / kg / day的剂量(人类最大推荐剂量的9至33倍)给药时,会在小鼠和仓鼠中致畸。在该大鼠中的另一项研究报告说,口服剂量为25 mg / kg /天(是最大推荐人类剂量的8倍)会导致胎儿椎体骨化延迟,而没有其他胚胎毒性迹象。据报道,在兔子中,口服剂量为60 mg / kg /天(最大推荐人剂量的20倍)会导致颅骨骨化不完全。
已证明阿米替林可穿过胎盘。尽管尚未建立因果关系,但有一些报道称,其母亲在怀孕期间服用了阿米替林的婴儿的不良事件包括中枢神经系统作用,肢体畸形或发育延迟。
没有针对孕妇的充分且对照良好的研究。仅在对母亲的潜在益处足以证明对胎儿的潜在风险的情况下,才应在妊娠期间使用盐酸阿米替林。
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1个
根据建议的最大阿米替林剂量150毫克/天或50千克患者3毫克/千克/天。
护理母亲
阿米替林被排泄到母乳中。在一份报告中,一名患者在给婴儿喂奶的同时每天接受100 mg阿米替林的治疗,其母亲的血清中检测到83至141 ng / mL的水平。在母乳中发现了135至151 ng / mL的水平,但在婴儿的血清中未检测到任何药物。
由于使用阿米替林对婴儿进行护理可能会导致严重的不良反应,因此应考虑该药物对母亲的重要性,决定是否停止护理或停止使用该药物。
在小儿患者中的用法
鉴于在小儿患者中缺乏使用这种药物的经验,目前不建议12岁以下的患者使用。
预防措施
精神分裂症患者可能会出现精神病症状加重;偏执症状患者可能会夸大此类症状。抑郁症患者,尤其是那些患有躁狂抑郁症的患者,可能会经历躁狂症或轻躁狂症的转变。在这些情况下,阿米替林的剂量可以减少,或者主要的镇静剂(如奋乃静)可以同时给药。
抑郁症患者自杀的可能性仍然存在,直到出现明显的缓解。有自杀倾向的患者不应使用大量这种药物。处方应写成尽可能最小的量。
同时使用阿米替林盐酸盐和电击疗法可能会增加与这种疗法相关的危害。此类治疗应仅限于必不可少的患者。
如有可能,应在择期手术前几天停药。
已经报道了血糖水平升高和降低。
肝功能受损的患者应谨慎使用盐酸阿米替林。
给患者的信息
处方者或其他卫生专业人员应将与阿米替林盐酸盐治疗有关的益处和风险告知患者,其家人及其护理人员,并应向他们提供适当使用的建议。有关盐酸阿米替林的患者用药指南,涉及“抗抑郁药,抑郁症和其他严重精神疾病以及自杀念头或行为”。开处方者或卫生专业人员应指导患者,其家人和护理人员阅读《用药指南》,并应帮助他们了解其内容。应该使患者有机会讨论《药物指南》的内容,并获得他们可能遇到的任何问题的答案。本文末尾会重印《用药指南》的全文。
应告知患者以下问题,并要求他们在服用阿米替林盐酸盐时如果发生这些情况,请告知开处方者。
临床恶化和自杀风险
应鼓励患者,家人及其护理人员警惕出现焦虑,激动,惊恐发作,失眠,易怒,敌对,攻击性,冲动性,静坐不全(精神运动性躁动),躁狂,躁狂,其他异常行为改变,抑郁加剧和自杀意念,尤其是在抗抑郁治疗期间以及调高或调低剂量的初期。应建议患者的家属和照顾者每天寻找此类症状的出现,因为变化可能会突然发生。此类症状应报告给患者的开处方者或卫生专业人员,特别是如果症状严重,起病突然或不属于患者出现的症状。诸如此类的症状可能与自杀思维和行为的风险增加有关,并表明需要非常密切的监控,并可能需要更换药物。
在使用盐酸阿米替林进行治疗时,应告知患者执行危险任务(例如操作机械或驾驶汽车)所需的精神和/或身体能力可能受到损害。
药物相互作用
P450 2D6代谢的药物
在一部分高加索人中,代谢同工酶细胞色素P450 2D6(去异异喹羟化酶)的生化活性降低了(约7%至10%的高加索人被称为“不良代谢者”);关于亚洲,非洲和其他人群中P450 2D6同工酶活性降低的普遍性尚无可靠的估计。当给予常规剂量时,不良的代谢物具有高于预期的三环抗抑郁药(TCA)血浆浓度。取决于被P450 2D6代谢的药物的比例,血浆浓度的增加可能很小,也可能很大(TCA血浆AUC的增加8倍)。
另外,某些药物会抑制该同工酶的活性,并使正常代谢者类似于不良代谢者。当给予这些抑制药物之一作为伴随疗法时,对给定剂量的TCA稳定的个体可能会突然中毒。抑制细胞色素P450 2D6的药物包括一些不被酶代谢的药物(奎尼丁;西咪替丁),许多是P450 2D6的底物(许多其他抗抑郁药,吩噻嗪和1C型抗心律不齐药物普罗帕酮和氟卡尼特)。尽管所有选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂(SSRI)(例如氟西汀,舍曲林和帕罗西汀)均能抑制P450 2D6,但它们的抑制程度可能有所不同。 SSRI-TCA相互作用可能引起的临床问题的程度将取决于SSRI的抑制程度和药代动力学。但是,在TCA与任何SSRI的共同管理中以及从一类切换到另一类时,都需要谨慎。特别重要的是,考虑到母体和活性代谢物的半衰期较长(可能需要至少5周),从氟西汀中撤出的患者在开始TCA治疗之前必须经过足够的时间。
三环抗抑郁药与可以抑制细胞色素P450 2D6的药物同时使用可能需要的剂量比三环抗抑郁药或其他药物通常所规定的剂量低。此外,每当这些其他药物之一退出联合治疗时,可能都需要增加剂量的三环抗抑郁药。每当将TCA与另一种已知是P450 2D6抑制剂的药物共同给药时,就需要监测TCA血浆水平。
单胺氧化酶抑制剂–见禁忌部分。胍乙啶或类似作用的化合物;甲状腺药物酒精,巴比妥酸盐和其他中枢神经系统抑制剂;和双硫仑–请参阅“警告”部分。
当阿米替林与抗胆碱能药或拟交感神经药(包括肾上腺素)联合局部麻醉药一起使用时,需要密切监督并仔细调整剂量。
当阿米替林与抗胆碱能药或抗精神病药合用时会出现高热,特别是在炎热天气。
服用三环类抗抑郁药并联合抗胆碱能药的患者可能发生麻痹性肠梗阻。
据报道,西咪替丁会降低某些三环类抗抑郁药的肝代谢,从而延迟消除这些药物并增加其稳态浓度。当与西咪替丁同时使用时,三环类抗抑郁药已被报道具有临床意义。当将西咪替丁添加到该药物治疗方案中时,三环类抗抑郁药的血浆水平升高,且副作用(尤其是抗胆碱能)的频率和严重程度有所增加。在接受三环类抗抑郁药和西咪替丁治疗的情况良好的患者中,停用西咪替丁可能会降低血浆水平和抗抑郁药的疗效。
如果患者同时服用大剂量的乙氯维诺,建议谨慎。据报道,用一克乙氯芬醇和75至150毫克盐酸阿米替林治疗的患者出现短暂性ir妄。
老人用
临床经验尚未发现老年和年轻患者在反应方面的差异。一般而言,老年患者的剂量选择应谨慎,通常从给药范围的低端开始,这反映出老年患者肝功能下降,伴随疾病和其他药物治疗的频率更高。
老年患者对三环类抗抑郁药(包括阿米替林盐酸盐)的抗胆碱能副作用特别敏感。周围的抗胆碱能作用包括心动过速,尿retention留,便秘,口干,视力模糊和窄角青光眼加重。中枢神经系统的抗胆碱能作用包括认知障碍,精神运动减慢,精神错乱,镇静和ir妄。服用阿米替林盐酸盐的老年患者跌倒的风险可能会增加。老年患者应从小剂量盐酸阿米替林开始治疗,并密切观察(见剂量和用法)。
儿科用
尚未确定儿科人群的安全性和有效性(请参阅“框警告”和“警告:临床恶化和自杀风险”)。任何考虑在儿童或青少年中使用阿米替林的人都必须在潜在风险与临床需求之间取得平衡。
不良反应
在每个类别中,按照严重程度从高到低的顺序列出了以下不良反应。清单中包括一些尚未报道的特定药物不良反应。但是,三环抗抑郁药之间的药理相似性要求在给予阿米替林时要考虑每个反应。
心血管:心肌梗塞;中风;非特异性ECG变化和AV传导变化;心脏传导阻滞心律失常;低血压,特别是体位性低血压;昏厥;高血压;心动过速心lp。
中枢神经系统和神经肌肉:昏迷;癫痫发作幻觉;妄想混乱状态;迷失方向不协调共济失调;震颤周围神经病四肢麻木,刺痛和感觉异常;锥体外系症状,包括不自主运动和迟发性运动障碍;构音障碍注意力不集中;激动;焦虑;失眠;躁动恶梦睡意;头晕;弱点;疲劳;头痛; ADH(抗利尿激素)分泌不当的综合征;耳鸣;脑电模式的改变。
抗胆碱能:麻痹性肠梗阻,高热;尿retention留,尿路扩张;便秘;视力模糊,适应障碍,眼压升高,瞳孔散大;口干。
过敏:皮疹;荨麻疹;光敏化面部和舌头浮肿。
血液学:骨髓抑制,包括粒细胞缺乏症,白细胞减少症,血小板减少症;紫癜嗜酸性粒细胞增多。
胃肠道:罕见肝炎(包括肝功能和黄疸改变);恶心;上腹窘迫;呕吐厌食症口腔炎;奇特的味道腹泻;腮腺肿胀黑色的舌头。
内分泌:男性睾丸肿胀和女性乳房发育;女性乳房增大和溢乳;性欲增加或减少;阳升高和降低血糖水平。
其他:脱发;浮肿;体重增加或减少;尿频汗水增加。
戒断症状
长期给药后,突然停止治疗可能会产生恶心,头痛和不适。据报道,逐渐减少剂量可在两周内产生短暂症状,包括烦躁,不安,梦境和睡眠障碍。
这些症状并不表示成瘾。罕见的三轮抗抑郁药停止慢性治疗后2至7天内出现躁狂或轻躁狂的案例。
因果关系未知
列出在无法建立因果关系的情况下报告的其他反应,作为对医生的警报信息:
整体身体:狼疮样综合征(迁徙性关节炎,全日空阳性和类风湿因子)。
消化系统:肝功能衰竭,老龄化。
售后不良事件
在开始或增加盐酸阿米替林的剂量后,无论是否伴有引起NMS的药物,很少有类似神经镇痛性恶性综合征(NMS)的综合征报道。症状包括肌肉僵硬,发烧,精神状态改变,发汗,心动过速和震颤。
据报道,盐酸阿米替林与其他公认与SS有关联的药物联合使用时,血清素综合征(SS)的情况非常罕见。
过量
过量服用此类药物可能会导致死亡。故意摄入三环类抗抑郁药过量会导致多次摄入药物(包括酒精)。由于管理复杂且不断变化,建议医生联系中毒控制中心以获取有关治疗的最新信息。三环类抗抑郁药过量后中毒症状和体征迅速发展,因此,需要尽快进行医院监测。
表现
过量的关键表现包括:心律失常,严重的低血压,惊厥和中枢神经系统抑制,包括昏迷。心电图的变化,特别是QRS轴或宽度的变化,是三环抗抑郁药毒性的临床重要指标。此外,终末QRS波群向右的轴移位以及延长的QT间隔和窦性心动过速是第一代三环药物过量的特异性和敏感性指标。没有这些发现并不排除。 PR间隔时间延长,ST-T波改变,室性心动过速和纤颤也可能发生。
过量的其他迹象可能包括:心肌收缩力受损,意识混乱,注意力不集中,短暂性幻觉,瞳孔散大,眼球运动障碍,躁动,反射亢进的多发性神经根神经病,木僵,嗜睡,肌肉僵硬,呕吐,体温过低,高热,或其他不良反应下列出的症状。
管理
一般
获取心电图并立即开始心脏监测。保护患者的呼吸道,建立静脉输液管道并开始进行胃净化。必须进行至少六个小时的心脏监测,并观察中枢神经系统或呼吸抑制,低血压,心脏节律不齐和/或传导阻滞以及癫痫发作的体征。如果在此期间的任何时间出现中毒迹象,则需要进行延长的监测。有病例报告说,服药过量后患者会死于致命性心律失常。这些患者在死亡前有明显中毒的临床证据,大多数接受了胃肠道去污不足。血浆药物水平的监测不应指导患者的治疗。
胃肠道去污
所有怀疑服用三环类抗抑郁药的患者均应接受胃肠道去污。这应包括大量洗胃,然后再用活性炭。如果意识受损,应在灌洗前固定气道。呕吐是禁忌的。
心血管的
最大肢体前导QRS持续时间≥0.10秒可能是服用过量严重程度的最佳指示。静脉内碳酸氢钠应用于维持血清pH在7.45至7.55的范围内。如果pH响应不足,也可以使用过度换气。换气过度和碳酸氢钠应同时使用,并要格外小心,并经常监测pH值。 pH值大于7.60或pCO2小于20 mm Hg是不希望的。对碳酸氢钠疗法/过度换气无反应的心律失常可能对利多卡因,间苯二酚或苯妥英钠有反应。通常禁忌1 A和1 C型抗心律失常药(例如奎尼丁,二吡op酰胺和普鲁卡因酰胺)。
在极少数情况下,血液灌注对急性毒性患者的急性难治性心血管不稳定可能有益。然而,血液透析,腹膜透析,交换输血和强迫利尿一般已被报道对三环类抗抑郁药中毒无效。
中枢神经系统
对于中枢神经系统抑郁症患者,建议进行早期插管,因为这可能会导致其突然恶化。应该用苯二氮卓类药物控制癫痫发作,如果无效,应使用其他抗惊厥药(例如苯巴比妥,苯妥英钠)。
不推荐使用毒扁豆碱,除非要治疗对其他疗法无反应的威胁生命的症状,然后才与毒物控制中心进行协商。
精神科随访
由于过量服用通常是故意的,因此患者在康复阶段可能会尝试通过其他方式自杀。精神科转诊可能是适当的。
儿科管理
儿科和成人用药过量的管理原则相似。强烈建议医生联系当地的毒物控制中心进行特殊的儿科治疗。
剂量和给药
口服剂量
剂量应从低剂量开始并逐渐增加,并仔细注意临床反应和任何不耐受的证据。
成人初始剂量
对于门诊病人来说,每天分次服用75 mg盐酸阿米替林通常是令人满意的。如有必要,可以增加到每天总计150毫克。最好在下午晚些时候和/或就寝时间增加剂量。在观察到抗抑郁作用之前,镇静作用可能很明显,但是充分的治疗作用可能需要长达30天才能显现出来。
门诊患者开始治疗的另一种方法是在就寝前从50至100 mg阿米替林HCl开始治疗。睡前剂量可根据需要将其增加25或50 mg,至每天总计150 mg。
住院患者最初可能每天需要100 mg。如有必要,可以逐渐增加至每天200 mg。少数住院患者每天可能需要多达300 mg。
青少年和老年患者
通常,建议这些患者使用较低的剂量。每天10毫克,每天3次,就寝时间20毫克,对于不能耐受更高剂量的青少年和老年患者可能是令人满意的。
保养
盐酸阿米替林的通常维持剂量为每天50至100 mg。在某些患者中,每天40 mg足够。对于维持疗法,每日总剂量可以单剂量给予,优选在睡前。当达到令人满意的改善时,应将剂量减少至可减轻症状的最低剂量。持续进行3个月或更长时间的维持治疗以减少复发的可能性是适当的。
在小儿患者中的用法
鉴于在小儿患者中缺乏使用这种药物的经验,目前不建议12岁以下的患者使用。
血浆水平
由于三环抗抑郁药在体液中的吸收和分布差异很大,因此很难直接关联血浆水平和治疗效果。但是,确定血浆水平可能有助于识别似乎具有毒性作用且水平可能过高的患者,或怀疑吸收或不合规的患者。由于老年患者肠道运输时间增加和肝代谢降低,因此给定口服阿米替林盐酸盐的血浆水平通常比年轻患者更高。应当对老年患者进行仔细监测,并根据临床需要获得定量的血清水平。剂量的调整应根据患者的临床反应而不是血浆水平而定。2
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2
LE Hollister;监测三环类抗抑郁药的血浆浓度。 1979年JAMA; 241(23):2530-2533。
供应方式
口服盐酸阿米替林片USP可通过以下方式获得:
10毫克:圆形,薄膜包衣的粉红色药片,在一侧凹陷有GG 40,在背面凹陷了,以以下形式提供:
NDC 0781-1486-31 30瓶
NDC 0781-1486-01瓶100
NDC 0781-1486-10瓶1000
25毫克:圆形,薄膜包衣的浅绿色片剂,在一侧凹陷有GG 44,在背面凹陷了,以以下形式提供:
NDC 0781-1487-31 30瓶
NDC 0781-1487-01瓶100
NDC 0781-1487-10瓶1000
50毫克:圆形,薄膜包衣的棕色片剂,在一侧凹陷有GG 431,在反面凹陷了,以下列形式提供:
NDC 0781-1488-31 30瓶
NDC 0781-1488-01瓶100
NDC 0781-1488-10瓶1000
75毫克:圆形,薄膜包衣的紫色药片,在一侧凹陷有GG 451,在反面凹陷了,以下列形式提供:
NDC 0781-1489-31 30瓶
NDC 0781-1489-01瓶100
NDC 0781-1489-10瓶1000
100毫克:圆形,薄膜包衣的橙色药片,在一侧凹陷有GG 461,在背面凹陷了,以以下形式提供:
NDC 0781-1490-31 30瓶
NDC 0781-1490-01瓶100
NDC 0781-1490-10瓶1000
150 mg:胶囊状,薄膜包衣的浅绿色片剂,在一侧凹陷有GG 450,在背面凹陷成平纹,提供为:
NDC 0781-1491-31瓶30
NDC 0781-1491-01瓶100
NDC 0781-1491-10瓶1000
存放在20º-25ºC(68º-77ºF)(请参阅USP控制的室温)。
分配在密封的,耐光的容器中。
代谢
口服14C标记药物后对人体的研究表明,阿米替林被迅速吸收和代谢。血浆的放射性几乎可以忽略不计,尽管到4至6小时尿液中出现大量放射性,并且24小时之内排泄了该药物的一半至三分之一。
阿米替林在人,兔子和大鼠中通过N-去甲基化和桥羟基化代谢。实际上,整个剂量都以葡萄糖醛酸苷或代谢产物的硫酸盐结合物的形式排泄,几乎没有不变的药物出现在尿液中。可能涉及其他代谢途径。
参考资料
Ayd,FJ,Jr .:阿米替林治疗抑郁症的心理疗法。 1月-12月1:320-325。 1960年。
Diamond,S .:用碳14标记的阿米替林的人类代谢。治疗。 Res。 1965年3月7:170-175。
Dorfman,W .:阿米替林的临床经验(初步报告),Psychosom。 1:153-155,1960年6月。
法莱特,JM; CR Stasney; Minz,AA:用毒扁豆碱治疗的阿米替林中毒。 J. 63:1492-1493,1970年12月(在美国私人法院)。
LE Hollister;总体而言,JE;约翰逊,M。 Pennington,V。卡茨(Katz) Shelton,J .:住院抑郁症患者中阿米替林,阿米帕明和安慰剂的对照比较。和精神。 Dis。 139:370-375,1964年10月。
Hordern,A .;伯特(CG);霍尔特(NF):抑郁状态。药物治疗研究,伊利诺伊州斯普林菲尔德,查尔斯·托马斯(Charles C. Thomas),1965年。
马萨诸塞州詹尼克(Jenike),马萨诸塞州:使用药物和电惊厥疗法治疗老年人的情感疾病,詹里亚(J. Geriatr)。精神病学1989; 22(1).77-112。
GL Klerman;科尔,JO:丙咪嗪和相关抗抑郁化合物的临床药理学,国际。 J.精神病学。 3:267-304,1976年4月。
刘宝安德森(Anderson) Mittman,N.等:老年人使用选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂或三环类抗抑郁药与髋部骨折的风险。柳叶刀1998; 351(91 12):1303-1307。
北卡罗来纳州麦康奈;公元Joffe;西澳大利亚州金斯敦;史蒂文森(HG);阿特金森(I.科尔,E。路易斯安那州芬尼西;抑郁门诊患者的临床特征与对阿米替林和普罗替林的反应的相关性,英国。 J.精神病学。 114:103-106,1968年1月。
麦当劳(IM);珀金斯,M。 Marjerrison,G .; Podilsky,M .:阿米替林和电抽搐疗法在抑郁症中的对照比较,阿米尔。 J.精神病学。 122:1427-1431。 1966年6月(简讯)。
Slovis,T .; Ott,J .; Teitelbaum,D .; Lipscomb,W .:毒扁豆碱治疗急性三环类抗抑郁药中毒,临床。毒药。 4:451-459,1971年9月。
抑郁症专题讨论会,研究了一种新型抗抑郁药阿米替林(Dis)。神经Syst。 22:5-56,1961年5月(第2节)。
用药指南
抗抑郁药,抑郁症和其他严重精神疾病以及自杀念头或行为
阅读您或您家人的抗抑郁药随附的《药物治疗指南》。 This Medication Guide is only about the risk of suicidal thoughts and actions with antidepressant medicines. Talk to your, or your family member's, healthcare provider about:
- all risks and benefits of treatment with antidepressant medicines
- all treatment choices for depression or other serious mental illness
What is the most important information I should know about antidepressant medicines, depression and other serious mental illnesses, and suicidal thoughts or actions?
1. Antidepressant medicines may increase suicidal thoughts or actions in some children, teenagers, and young adults within the first few months of treatment.
2. Depression and other serious mental illnesses are the most important causes of suicidal thoughts and actions. Some people may have a particularly high risk of having suicidal thoughts or actions. These include people who have (or have a family history of) bipolar illness (also called manic-depressive illness) or suicidal thoughts or actions.
3. How can I watch for and try to prevent suicidal thoughts and actions in myself or a family member?
- Pay close attention to any changes, especially sudden changes, in mood, behaviors, thoughts, or feelings. This is very important when an antidepressant medicine is started or when the dose is changed.
- Call the healthcare provider right away to report new or sudden changes in mood, behavior, thoughts, or feelings.
- Keep all follow-up visits with the healthcare provider as scheduled. Call the healthcare provider between visits as needed, especially if you have concerns about symptoms.
Call a healthcare provider right away if you or your family member has any of the following symptoms, especially if they are new, worse, or worry you:
- thoughts about suicide or dying
- attempts to commit suicide
- new or worse depression
- new or worse anxiety
- feeling very agitated or restless
- panic attacks
- trouble sleeping (insomnia)
- new or worse irritability
- acting aggressive, being angry, or violent
- acting on dangerous impulses
- an extreme increase in activity and talking (mania)
- other unusual changes in behavior or mood
What else do I need to know about antidepressant medicines?
- Never stop an antidepressant medicine without first talking to a healthcare provider. Stopping an antidepressant medicine suddenly can cause other symptoms.
- Antidepressants are medicines used to treat depression and other illnesses. It is important to discuss all the risks of treating depression and also the risks of not treating it. Patients and their families or other caregivers should discuss all treatment choices with the healthcare provider, not just the use of antidepressants.
- Antidepressant medicines have other side effects. Talk to the healthcare provider about the side effects of the medicine prescribed for you or your family member.
- Antidepressant medicines can interact with other medicines. Know all of the medicines that you or your family member takes. Keep a list of all medicines to show the healthcare provider. Do not start new medicines without first checking with your healthcare provider.
- Not all antidepressant medicines prescribed for children are FDA approved for use in children. Talk to your child's healthcare provider for more information.
打电话给您的医生,征求有关副作用的医疗建议。您可以通过1-800-FDA-1088向FDA报告副作用。
This Medication Guide has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for all antidepressants.
01-2010M
Sandoz Inc.,
新泽西州普林斯顿08540
10 mg Label
NDC 0781-1486-01
Amitriptyline HCl
USP平板电脑
10毫克
ATTENTION: DISPENSE
WITH MEDICATION GUIDE.
仅Rx
100片
SANDOZ
25 mg Label
NDC 0781-1487-01
Amitriptyline HCl
USP平板电脑
25毫克
ATTENTION: DISPENSE
WITH MEDICATION GUIDE.
仅Rx
100片
SANDOZ
50 mg Label
NDC 0781-1488-01
Amitriptyline HCl
USP平板电脑
50毫克
ATTENTION: DISPENSE
WITH MEDICATION GUIDE.
仅Rx
100片
SANDOZ
75 mg Label
NDC 0781-1489-01
Amitriptyline HCl
USP平板电脑
75毫克
ATTENTION: DISPENSE
WITH MEDICATION GUIDE.
仅Rx
100片
SANDOZ
100 mg Label
NDC 0781-1490-01
Amitriptyline HCl
USP平板电脑
100毫克
ATTENTION: DISPENSE
WITH MEDICATION GUIDE.
仅Rx
100片
SANDOZ
150 mg Label
NDC 0781-1491-01
Amitriptyline HCl
USP平板电脑
150毫克
ATTENTION: DISPENSE
WITH MEDICATION GUIDE.
仅Rx
100片
SANDOZ
NDC 0781-1487-01 Amitriptyline HCI Tablets, USP 25 mg ATTENTION: DISPENSE WITH MEDICATION GUIDE. Rx Only 100 Tablets S SANDOZ S Each tablets contains: Amitriptyline HCI, USP 25 mg Usual Dosage: See package insert. Store at 20 Degree - 25 Degree C (68 Degree - 77 Degree F) (See USP Controlled Room Temperature).分配在密封的,耐光的容器中。 KEEP THIS AND ALL DRUGS OUT OF THE REACH OF CHILDREN. Sandoz Inc., Princeton, NJ 08540 08-2007M. N3 0781-1487-01 4
Sentra PM™PRODUCT INFORMATION Sentra PM (US patent pending) capsules by oral administration. A specially formulated Medical Food product, consisting of a proprietary blend of amino acids and polyphenol ingredients in specific proportions, for the dietary management of the metabolic processes of sleep disorders (SD). Must be administered under physician supervision. Medical Foods Medical Food products are often used in hospitals (eg, for burn victims or kidney dialysis patients) and outside of a hospital setting under a physician's care for the dietary management of diseases in patients with particular medical or metabolic needs due to their disease or condition. Congress defined "Medical Food" in the Orphan Drug Act and Amendments of 1988 as "a system which is formulated to be consumed or administered enterally [or orally] under the supervision of a physician and which is intended for the specific dietary management of a disease or condition for which distinctive nutritional requirements, based on recognized scientific principles, are established by medical evaluation." Medical Foods are complex formulated products, requiring sophisticated and exacting technology. Sentra PM has been developed, manufactured, and labeled in accordance with both the statutory and the FDA regulatory definition of a Medical Food. Sentra PM must be used while the patient is under the ongoing care of a physician. SLEEP DISORDERS (SD) SD as a Metabolic Deficiency Disease A critical component of the definition of a Medical Food is the requirement for a distinctive nutritional deficiency. FDA scientists have proposed a physiologic definition of a distinctive nutritional deficiency as follows: “the dietary management of patients with specific diseases requires, in some instances, the ability to meet nutritional requirements that differ substantially from the needs of healthy persons. For example, in establishing the recommended dietary allowances for general, healthy population, the Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine National Academy of Sciences, recognized that different or distinctive physiologic requirements may exist for certain persons with "special nutritional needs arising from metabolic disorders, chronic diseases, injuries, premature birth, other medical conditions and drug therapies. Thus, the distinctive nutritional needs associated with a disease reflect the total amount needed by a healthy person to support life or maintain homeostasis, adjusted for the distinctive changes in the nutritional needs of the patient as a result of the effects of the disease process on absorption, metabolism, and excretion.” It was also proposed that in patients with certain disease states who respond to nutritional therapies, a physiologic deficiency of the nutrient is assumed to exist. For example, if a patient with sleep disorders responds to a tryptophan formulation by improving the duration and quality of sleep, a deficiency of tryptophan is assumed to exist. Patients with sleep disorders are known to have nutritional deficiencies of tryptophan, choline, flavonoids, and certain antioxidants. Patients with sleep disorders frequently exhibit reduced plasma levels of tryptophan and have been shown to respond to oral administration of tryptophan or a 5-hydoxytryptophan formulation. Research has shown that tryptophan reduced diets result in a fall of circulating tryptophan. Patients with sleep disorders have activation of the tryptophan degradation pathway that increases the turnover of tryptophan leading to a reduced level of production of serotonin for a given tryptophan blood level. Research has also shown that a genetic predisposition can lead to increased tryptophan requirements in certain patients with sleep disorders. Choline is required to fully potentiate acetylcholine synthesis by brain neurons. A deficiency of choline leads to reduced acetylcholine production by the neurons. Low fat diets, frequently used by patients with sleep disorders, are usually choline deficient. Flavonoids potentiate the production of acetylcholine by the neurons thereby inducing REM sleep. Low fat diets and diets deficient in flavonoid rich foods result in inadequate flavonoid concentrations, impeding acetylcholine production in certain patients with sleep disorders. Provision of tryptophan, choline, and flavonoids with antioxidants, in specific proportions can restore the production of beneficial serotonin and acetylcholine, thereby improving sleep quality.
PRODUCT DESCRIPTION Primary Ingredients Sentra PM consists of a proprietary blend of amino acids, cocoa, ginkgo biloba and flavonoids in specific proportions. These ingredients fall into the category of “Generally Regarded as Safe” (GRAS) as defined by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (Sections 201(s) and 409 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act). A GRAS substance is distinguished from a food additive on the basis of the common knowledge about the safety of the substance for its intended use. The standard for an ingredient to achieve GRAS status requires not only technical demonstration of non-toxicity and safety, but also general recognition of safety through widespread usage and agreement of that safety by experts in the field. Many ingredients have been determined by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to be GRAS, and are listed as such by regulation, in Volume 21 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Sections 182, 184, and 186. Amino Acids Amino Acids are the building blocks of protein. All amino acids are GRAS listed as they have been ingested by humans for thousands of years. The doses of the amino acids in Sentra PM are equivalent to those found in the usual human diet; however the formulation uses specific ratios of the key ingredients to elicit a therapeutic response. Patients with sleep disorders may require an increased amount of certain amino acids that cannot be obtained from normal diet alone. Tryptophan, for example, is an obligatory amino acid. The body cannot make tryptophan and must obtain tryptophan from the diet. Tryptophan is needed to produce serotonin. Serotonin is required to induce sleep. Patients with sleep disorders have altered serotonin metabolism. Some patients with sleep disorders have a resistance to the use of tryptophan that is similar to the mechanism found in insulin resistance that is genetically determined. Patients with sleep disorders frequently cannot acquire sufficient tryptophan from the diet without ingesting a prohibitively large amount of calories, particularly protein rich calories. Flavonoids Flavonoids are a group of phytochemical compounds found in all vascular plants including fruits and vegetables. They are a part of a larger class of compounds known as polyphenols. Many of the therapeutic or health benefits of colored fruits and vegetables, cocoa, red wine, and green tea are directly related to their flavonoid content. The specially formulated flavonoids found in Sentra PM cannot be obtained from conventional foods in the necessary proportions to elicit a therapeutic response. Other Ingredients Sentra PM contains the following inactive or other ingredients, as fillers, excipients, and colorings: magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, Maltodextrin NF, gelatin (as the capsule material). Physical Description Sentra PM is a yellow to light brown powder. Sentra PM contains L-Glutamic Acid, 5-Hydroxytryptophan as Griffonia Seed Extract, Acetylcarnitine HCL, Choline Bitartrate, Cinnamon, Cocoa, Ginkgo Biloba, and Hawthorn Berry.
CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY Mechanism of Action Sentra PM acts by restoring and maintaining the balance of the neurotransmitters, serotonin and acetylcholine, that are associated with sleep disorders. Metabolism The amino acids in Sentra PM are primarily absorbed by the stomach and small intestines. All cells metabolize the amino acids in Sentra PM. Circulating tryptophan and choline blood levels determine the production of serotonin and acetylcholine. Excretion Sentra PM is not an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 1A2, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, or 3A4. These isoenzymes are principally responsible for 95% of all detoxification of drugs, with CYP3A4 being responsible for detoxification of roughly 50% of drugs. Amino acids do not appear to have an effect on drug metabolizing enzymes
INDICATIONS FOR USE Sentra PM is intended for the clinical dietary management of the metabolic processes associated with sleep disorders.
CLINICAL EXPERIENCE The administration of Sentra PM has demonstrated significant functional improvement in the quality and quantity of sleep when used for the dietary management of the metabolic processes associated with sleep disorders. Administration of Sentra PM results in the induction and maintenance of sleep in patients with sleep disorders. Sentra PM has no effect on normal blood pressure
PRECAUTIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS Sentra PM is contraindicated in an extremely small number of patients with hypersensitivity to any of the nutritional components of Sentra PM.
ADVERSE REACTIONS Oral supplementation with L-tryptophan or choline at high doses up to 15 grams daily is generally well tolerated. The most common adverse reactions of higher doses — from 15 to 30 grams daily — are nausea, abdominal cramps, and diarrhea. Some patients may experience these symptoms at lower doses. The total combined amount of amino acids in each Sentra PM capsule does not exceed 400 mg.
DRUG INTERACTIONS Sentra PM does not directly influence the pharmacokinetics of prescription drugs. Clinical experience has shown that administration of Sentra PM may allow for lowering the dose of co-administered drugs under physician supervision.
OVERDOSE There is a negligible risk of overdose with Sentra PM as the total dosage of amino acids in a one month supply (60 capsules) is less than 24 grams. Overdose symptoms may include diarrhea, weakness, and nausea. POST-MARKETING SURVEILLANCE Post-marketing surveillance has shown no serious adverse reactions. Reported cases of mild rash and itching may have been associated with allergies to Sentra PM flavonoid ingredients, including cinnamon, cocoa, and chocolate. The reactions were transient in nature and subsided within 24 hours.
DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION Recommended Administration For the dietary management of the metabolic processes associated with sleep disorders. Take (2) capsules daily at bedtime. An additional dose of one or two capsules may be taken after awakenings during the night. As with most amino acid formulations Sentra PM should be taken without food to increase the absorption of key ingredients.
How Supplied Sentra PM is supplied in red and white, size 0 capsules in bottles of 60 capsules. Physician Supervision Sentra PM is a Medical Food product available by prescription only and must be used while the patient is under ongoing physician supervision. Sentra PM is supplied to physicians in a recyclable plastic bottle with a child-resistant cap. US patents pending. Manufactured by Arizona Nutritional Supplements, Inc. Chandler AZ 85225 Distributed by Physician Therapeutics LLC, Los Angeles, CA 90077. www.ptlcentral.com © Copyright 2003-2006, Physician Therapeutics LLC, all rights reserved NDC # 68405-003-02
存储
Store in a cool dry place at temperatures 45-90ο F (8-32ο C) relative humidity below 50%. Sentra PM is supplied in a recyclable plastic bottle with a child-resistant cap.
PHYSICIAN THERAPEUTICS SENTRA PM Medical Food Rx only 60 Capsules Directions for use: Must be administered under physician supervision. For adults only. As a Medical Food, take two (2) capsules at bedtime or as directed by physician. For the dietary management of sleep disorders. Contains no added starch, wheat, yeast, preservatives, artificial flavor. Storage: Keep tightly closed in a cool dry place 8-32 Degree C (45-90 Degree F), relative humidity, below 50%. Warning: Keep this product out of the reach of children. NDC# 68405-003-02 Lot # 010565 68405-003-02 Ingredients: Each serving (per 2 capsules) contains: Proprietary Amino Acid Formulation Choline Bitartrate, L-Glutamic Acid, Acetyl L - Carnitine HCI Ginkgo Biloba (leaves) Cocoa Extract (fruit) Hawthorn Berry (fruit) Griffonia Seed Extract (95% 5-HTP) Dextrose Other ingredients: Gelatin, tricalcium phosphate, silicon dioxide, vegatable magnesium stearate, FDandC blue #1, FDandC red #40, titanium dioxide. Distributed exclusively by: Physicians Therapeutics A Divisions of Targeted Medical Pharma, Inc. Los Angeles, CA 90077 www.ptlcentral.com US Patent 7,582,315; 7,585,523; 7,595,067; 7,601,369. LOT 010565 EXP 12/13
A Convenience Packed Medical Food and Drug Sentravil PM-25 PHYSICIAN THERAPEUTICS > Sentra PM 60 Capsules > Amitriptyline 25 mg 30 Tablets No Refills Without Physician Authorization Rx Only NDC# 68405-053-26 of this co-pack
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