心血管风险
胃肠道风险
双氯芬酸钠局部用溶液是一种非甾体类抗炎药(NSAID),可用于治疗膝盖骨关节炎的体征和症状。
为了缓解膝盖骨关节炎的体征和症状,建议剂量为每膝40滴,每天4次。
使用双氯芬酸钠局部溶液清洁,干燥皮肤。
为避免溢出,将双氯芬酸钠局部用药液10滴一次或直接滴在膝盖上,或先滴入手然后滴至膝盖。将双氯芬酸钠局部用药液均匀分布在膝盖的前,后和两侧。重复此过程,直到已滴加40滴并且膝盖完全被溶液覆盖。
要治疗另一只膝盖,如果有症状,请重复该过程。
尚未研究过双氯芬酸钠局部溶液的使用量是否超过建议剂量,因此不建议使用。
1.5%w / w局部用药
对双氯芬酸钠或双氯芬酸钠局部溶液的任何其他成分有超敏反应的患者禁用双氯芬酸钠局部溶液。
服用阿司匹林或其他非甾体抗炎药后出现哮喘,荨麻疹或过敏型反应的患者禁用双氯芬酸钠局部用药溶液。据报道,此类患者对NSAIDs出现严重,极致命的过敏性样反应[见警告和注意事项(5.7,5.10)]。
双氯芬酸钠局部用药禁忌用于冠状动脉搭桥术(CABG) [见警告和注意事项(5.1)]。
数种长达三年的口服COX-2选择性和非选择性NSAID的临床试验表明,发生严重心血管(CV)血栓事件,心肌梗塞(MI)和中风的风险增加,这可能是致命的。所有NSAID(包括双氯芬酸钠局部用药溶液以及COX-2选择性和非选择性口服NSAID)可能都具有相似的风险。患有已知CV疾病或CV疾病危险因素的患者可能处于更大的风险中。为了使接受NSAID治疗的患者发生CV不良事件的潜在风险降至最低,请在尽可能短的时间内使用最低的有效剂量。即使没有先前的CV症状,医师和患者也应对此类事件的发展保持警惕。告知患者严重CV事件的体征和/或症状,以及发生这些事件时应采取的步骤。
在CABG手术后的前10到14天,口服COX-2选择性NSAID口服治疗疼痛的两项大型对照临床试验发现,心肌梗塞和中风的发生率增加[见禁忌症(4)]。
没有一致的证据表明,同时使用阿司匹林可减轻与使用NSAID相关的严重CV血栓形成事件的风险。
同时使用阿司匹林和NSAIDS,例如双氯芬酸,确实会增加发生严重胃肠道事件的风险[请参阅警告和注意事项(5.2)]。
包括双氯芬酸在内的NSAID可能引起严重的胃肠道(GI)不良事件,包括出血,溃疡和胃,小肠或大肠穿孔,这可能是致命的。这些严重的不良事件可以在任何时间出现,无论是否出现警告症状,都可以用NSAIDs治疗。在NSAID治疗中发生严重上消化道不良事件的患者中,只有五分之一是有症状的。由NSAID引起的上消化道溃疡,大出血或穿孔发生在大约3%至6个月接受治疗的患者中,约1%的患者接受了一年治疗的大约2-4%。这些趋势随着使用时间的延长而持续,增加了在治疗过程中的某个时间发生严重胃肠道事件的可能性。但是,即使是短期治疗也并非没有风险。
在有溃疡病或胃肠道出血病史的患者中,应格外谨慎地服用NSAID,包括双氯芬酸钠局部用药。与既没有消化道溃疡病史和/或消化道出血史的患者相比,使用NSAID的患者发生GI出血的风险要高出10倍以上。在接受NSAID治疗的患者中增加胃肠道出血风险的其他因素包括同时使用口服皮质类固醇或抗凝剂,NSAID治疗时间更长,吸烟,饮酒,年龄较大以及总体健康状况较差。致命的胃肠道事件的大多数自发报告都发生在年老或虚弱的患者中,因此在治疗该人群时应特别注意。
为了将发生胃肠道不良事件的潜在风险降至最低,请在尽可能短的时间内使用最低的有效剂量。在双氯芬酸治疗期间应保持警惕胃肠道溃疡和出血的体征和症状,如果怀疑有严重的胃肠道不良事件,应立即开始进一步评估和治疗。对于高危患者,请考虑不涉及NSAID的替代疗法。
在临床试验中,除急性疼痛以外的其他适应症患者中,约有15%口服双氯芬酸治疗的患者发生了临界水平升高(小于正常[ULN]上限上限的3倍)或转氨酶升高。在肝功能标志物中,建议使用ALT(SGPT)监测肝损伤。
在口服双氯芬酸-米索前列醇联合产品的临床试验中,双氯芬酸治疗期间约5,700名患者中约有2%发生了AST(SGOT)的有意义的升高(即,ULN的3倍以上)(所有研究)。
在一项开放性对照试验中,对3,700名接受2至6个月治疗的患者进行了研究,其中在第8周时首次监测了口服双氯芬酸的患者,在第24周时再次监测了1,200例患者。 3,700例患者中约4%发生了ALT和/或AST的有意义的升高,而3,700例患者中约1%的患者出现了显着升高(> 8倍于ULN)。在这项开放标签研究中,在接受接受治疗的患者中观察到更高的交界性(低于ULN的3倍),中度(ULN的3至8倍)和ALT或AST的明显升高(> 8倍ULN)与其他非甾体抗炎药相比,双氯芬酸。与类风湿关节炎患者相比,骨关节炎患者中转氨酶升高更为常见。在患者出现症状之前,几乎可以检测到转氨酶的所有有意义的升高。
在所有试验中,有51例转氨酶升高明显的患者中有42例在口服双氯芬酸治疗的头2个月中发生了异常测试。在上市后的报告中,NSAID治疗的第一个月(在某些情况下,头两个月)就报告了药物诱导的肝毒性病例。
售后监测报告了严重的肝反应病例,包括肝坏死,黄疸,有或没有黄疸的暴发性肝炎以及肝功能衰竭。这些报告的病例中有一些导致死亡或肝移植。
在一项基于人群的欧洲回顾性病例对照研究中,与不使用双氯芬酸相比,目前使用口服双氯芬酸相关药物引起的肝损伤的10例与经统计学处理的肝损伤的优势比高4倍相关。在这项特殊的研究中,基于10例双氯芬酸相关的肝损伤病例,调整的比值比随着女性,剂量150 mg或更多,使用时间超过90天而进一步增加。
接受双氯芬酸长期治疗的患者应定期测量转氨酶(ALT和AST),因为可能会出现严重的肝毒性而无明显症状。进行第一次和随后的转氨酶测量的最佳时间未知。根据临床试验数据和上市后的经验,在开始使用双氯芬酸治疗后的4至8周内监测转氨酶。但是,双氯芬酸治疗期间的任何时候都可能发生严重的肝反应。如果异常肝试验持续或恶化,如果出现与肝病相符的临床体征和/或症状,或者出现全身性表现(例如嗜酸性粒细胞增多,皮疹,腹痛,腹泻,尿色深等),请立即停用双氯芬酸钠局部用药。
为了最大程度地减少转氨酶测量之间肝损伤的可能性,请告知患者肝毒性的警告信号和症状(例如,恶心,疲劳,嗜睡,腹泻,瘙痒,黄疸,右上腹压痛和“流感样”症状) ,并在出现这些症状和体征时采取适当的措施。
为使双氯芬酸钠局部溶液治疗的患者发生与肝脏相关的不良事件的潜在风险降至最低,请在尽可能短的时间内使用最低有效剂量。在开具双氯芬酸钠局部用药溶液时,应与已知可能具有肝毒性的药物(例如对乙酰氨基酚,某些抗生素,抗癫痫药)一起开药。注意患者在使用双氯芬酸钠外用溶液时避免服用未处方的对乙酰氨基酚。
包括双氯芬酸在内的非甾体抗炎药会导致新发或加重原有高血压,这两种情况均可能导致心血管事件发生率增加。高血压患者应谨慎使用NSAID,包括双氯芬酸钠局部用药。在开始NSAID治疗期间和整个治疗过程中,密切监测血压(BP)。
服用ACE抑制剂,噻嗪类或loop利尿剂的患者服用NSAID时对这些疗法的反应可能受损。
在使用NSAIDs治疗的某些患者中观察到了液体retention留和浮肿,包括双氯芬酸钠局部用药溶液。对于有retention积或心力衰竭的患者,请谨慎使用双氯芬酸钠局部用药溶液。
对于脱水严重的患者,开始使用双氯芬酸钠局部溶液治疗时要谨慎。
长期服用非甾体抗炎药会导致肾乳头坏死和其他肾损伤。在肾前列腺素在维持肾灌注中具有补偿作用的患者中也已经观察到肾毒性。在这些患者中,给予NSAID可能导致前列腺素形成以及肾脏血流的剂量依赖性降低,这可能会导致明显的肾脏代偿失调。发生此反应风险最高的患者是那些肾功能受损,心力衰竭,肝功能不全的患者,服用利尿剂和ACE抑制剂的患者以及老年人。停用NSAID治疗后通常会恢复至治疗前状态。
对照临床研究尚无有关双氯芬酸钠局部用药在晚期肾脏疾病患者中使用的信息。因此,不建议晚期肾病患者使用双氯芬酸钠局部溶液治疗。如果开始双氯芬酸钠局部溶液治疗,建议密切监测患者的肾功能。
与其他非甾体抗炎药一样,未经事先接触双氯芬酸钠局部用药的患者可能会发生类过敏反应。不要给阿司匹林三联症患者开双氯芬酸钠局部用药。这种症状复合物通常发生在患有鼻炎或无鼻息肉的哮喘患者中,或在服用阿司匹林或其他NSAID后表现出严重的,潜在的致命性支气管痉挛[参见禁忌症(4)和警告和注意事项(5.10)]。发生类过敏反应时寻求紧急帮助。
不要将双氯芬酸钠局部用药溶液用于开放性皮肤伤口,感染,炎症或剥脱性皮炎,因为这可能会影响药物的吸收和耐受性。
NSAIDs,包括双氯芬酸钠局部用药溶液,可引起严重的皮肤不良事件,例如剥脱性皮炎,Stevens-Johnson综合征(SJS)和中毒的表皮坏死溶解(TEN),这可能是致命的。这些严重事件可能会在没有警告的情况下发生。告知患者严重皮肤表现的体征和症状,并在出现皮疹或其他任何超敏反应迹象时停止使用该药物。
孕妇或哺乳期妇女或打算怀孕的妇女不应使用双氯芬酸钠局部用溶液。
哮喘患者可能患有阿司匹林敏感性哮喘。在对阿司匹林敏感的哮喘患者中使用阿司匹林与严重的支气管痉挛有关,这可能是致命的。由于此类阿司匹林敏感性患者已报道阿司匹林与其他非甾体类抗炎药之间存在交叉反应,包括支气管痉挛,因此请勿对这种形式的阿司匹林敏感性的患者服用双氯芬酸钠局部用药溶液,对于已存在这种病的患者应谨慎使用哮喘。
指导患者避免在经过治疗的膝盖上暴露于自然或人造阳光下,因为对动物的研究表明,局部用双氯芬酸治疗可导致紫外线诱发的皮肤肿瘤更早发作。双氯芬酸钠局部溶液对皮肤对人类紫外线损伤的反应的潜在作用尚不清楚。
避免双氯芬酸钠局部用溶液接触眼睛和粘膜。提醒患者,如果发生眼部接触,请立即用水或盐水冲洗眼睛,如果刺激持续超过一个小时,请咨询医生。
口服NSAIDs与双氯芬酸钠局部溶液的同时使用会导致较高的直肠出血率,更频繁的肌酐,尿素和血红蛋白异常。因此,除非益处大于风险并进行定期实验室评估,否则请勿将双氯芬酸钠溶液和口服NSAID联合使用。
双氯芬酸钠局部用溶液不能预期替代皮质类固醇或治疗皮质类固醇不足。皮质类固醇的突然停用可能导致皮质类固醇反应性疾病加重。对于长期接受皮质类固醇治疗的患者,如果决定终止皮质类固醇治疗,则应逐渐减量治疗。
双氯芬酸钠局部用药溶液在减轻炎症和可能发烧方面的药理活性可能会削弱这些诊断体征在检测假定的非传染性,疼痛性疾病并发症中的效用。
在10名健康受试者中研究了双氯芬酸钠局部用药溶液对血小板功能的影响,该受试者每天四次服用80滴,共7天。治疗一周后血小板凝集没有明显变化[见临床药理学(12.4)]。
接受NSAID的患者有时会出现贫血。这可能是由于体液retention留,隐匿性或严重胃肠道失血,或对红细胞生成作用的描述不完整所致。如果患者有任何贫血或失血的体征或症状,请在双氯芬酸钠局部溶液上检查患者的血红蛋白或血细胞比容。
NSAIDs抑制血小板凝集,并已显示可延长某些患者的出血时间。与阿司匹林不同,它们对血小板功能的影响在数量上较少,持续时间较短且可逆。仔细监测接受双氯芬酸钠局部用药的患者,这些患者可能受到血小板功能改变的不利影响,例如患有凝血功能障碍的患者或接受抗凝剂的患者。
由于服用NSAID的患者可能出现严重的胃肠道溃疡和出血,而没有任何警告症状,因此应监测患者的胃肠道出血迹象或症状。接受NSAID长期治疗的患者应定期检查CBC和化学概况。如果异常的肝脏检查或肾脏检查持续或恶化,请停用双氯芬酸钠局部用药溶液。
由于临床试验是在广泛不同的条件下进行的,因此不能将另一种药物的临床试验中观察到的不良反应率直接与另一种药物的临床试验中观察到的不良反应率进行比较,并且可能无法反映实际中观察到的不良反应率。
下述数据反映了7项3期对照试验中治疗4至12周(平均疗程49天)的911例患者接受双氯芬酸钠局部用药的暴露,以及在一项开放标签研究中治疗的793例患者的暴露,包括463位患者接受了至少6个月的治疗,而144位患者接受了至少12个月的治疗。人群的平均年龄约为60岁,89%的患者为白种人,64%为女性,所有患者均患有原发性骨关节炎。双氯芬酸钠局部用药溶液最常见的不良反应是应用部位皮肤反应。这些事件是退出研究的最常见原因。
应用现场反应:
在对照试验中,接受双氯芬酸钠外用溶液治疗的患者中最常见的治疗相关不良事件是应用部位皮肤反应。应用部位反应的特征是以下一种或多种:干燥,红斑,硬结,囊泡,感觉异常,瘙痒,血管扩张,痤疮和荨麻疹。这些反应中最常见的是皮肤干燥(32%),以皮肤红斑和硬结为特征的接触性皮炎(9%),囊泡(2%)和瘙痒(4%)接触性皮炎。在一项对照试验中,双氯芬酸钠外用溶液和口服双氯芬酸联合治疗152名受试者后,观察到囊泡接触性皮炎的发生率更高(4%)。在开放标签的不受控制的长期安全性研究中,接触皮肤炎的发生率为13%,患有囊泡的接触性皮肤炎的发生率为10%,通常在接触后的最初6个月内,导致应用部位事件的停药率达到14% 。
NSAID类共有的不良事件:
在对照试验中,与使用安慰剂的受试者相比,用双氯芬酸钠局部溶液治疗的受试者更容易发生一些与NSAID类相关的不良事件(便秘,腹泻,消化不良,恶心,肠胃气胀,腹痛,水肿;见表1)。与单独口服双氯芬酸相比,双氯芬酸钠局部用药溶液和口服双氯芬酸的组合导致较高的直肠出血发生率(3%比小于1%)和更频繁的肌酐异常(12%比7%),尿素(20%vs. 12%)和血红蛋白(13%vs. 9%),但肝转氨酶升高无差异。
表1:列出了在对骨关节炎患者进行的七项对照研究中,接受双氯芬酸钠局部用药溶液的患者中≥1%发生的所有不良反应,其中双氯芬酸钠局部用药组的发生率超过了安慰剂。由于这些试验的持续时间不同,因此这些百分比未涵盖累积发生率。
治疗组: | 双氯芬酸钠局部用溶液 N = 911 | 外用安慰剂 N = 332 |
---|---|---|
不良反应* | 氮(%) | 氮(%) |
| ||
皮肤干燥(应用站点) | 292(32) | 17(5) |
接触性皮炎(申请网站) | 83(9) | 6(2) |
消化不良 | 72(8) | 13(4) |
腹痛 | 54(6) | 10(3) |
肠胃气胀 | 35(4) | 1(<1) |
瘙痒症(应用部位) | 34(4) | 7(2) |
腹泻 | 33(4) | 7(2) |
恶心 | 33(4) | 3(1) |
咽炎 | 40(4) | 13(4) |
便秘 | 29(3) | 1(<1) |
浮肿 | 26(3) | 0 |
皮疹(非应用程序站点) | 25(3) | 5(2) |
感染 | 25(3) | 8(2) |
瘀斑 | 19(2) | 1(<1) |
皮肤干燥(非应用程序站点) | 19(2) | 1(<1) |
接触性皮炎,囊泡(应用网站) | 18(2) | 0 |
感觉异常(非应用站点) | 14(2) | 3(<1) |
误伤 | 22(2) | 7(2) |
瘙痒症(非申请站点) | 15(2) | 2(<1) |
鼻窦炎 | 10(1) | 2(<1) |
口臭 | 11(1) | 1(<1) |
应用现场反应(未另作说明) | 11(1) | 3(<1) |
在美国以外的售后监测中,已报告批准使用双氯芬酸钠局部用药溶液期间出现以下不良反应。由于这些反应是从不确定大小的人群中自愿报告的,因此并非总是能够可靠地估计其发生频率或建立与药物暴露的因果关系。
整个身体:腹痛,意外伤害,过敏反应,乏力,背部疼痛,体臭,胸痛,浮肿,面部浮肿,口臭,头痛,缺乏药物作用,颈部僵硬,疼痛
心血管疾病:心lp,心血管疾病
消化系统:腹泻,口干,消化不良,肠胃炎,食欲下降,口腔溃疡,恶心,直肠出血,溃疡性口腔炎
代谢和营养:肌酐增加
肌肉骨骼:腿抽筋,肌痛
神经:应用部位的抑郁,头晕,嗜睡,嗜睡,感觉异常,感觉异常
呼吸道:哮喘,呼吸困难,喉炎,喉炎,咽炎
皮肤和附属物:在应用地点:接触性皮炎,带囊泡的接触性皮炎,皮肤干燥,瘙痒,皮疹;其他皮肤和附属品不良反应:湿疹,皮疹,瘙痒,皮肤变色,荨麻疹
特殊感觉:视力异常,视力模糊,白内障,耳痛,眼疾,眼痛,味觉变态
尚未研究使用双氯芬酸钠局部溶液与药物的相互作用。口服双氯芬酸钠需要注意以下药物相互作用[7.1至7.7节]。
当双氯芬酸与阿司匹林一起使用时,双氯芬酸与蛋白质的结合会降低,尽管游离双氯芬酸的清除率不会改变。这种相互作用的临床意义尚不清楚。但是,与其他非甾体抗炎药一样,一般不建议同时服用双氯芬酸和阿司匹林,因为这可能增加不良反应。
华法林和非甾体抗炎药等抗凝剂对胃肠道出血的作用是协同的,因此两种药物的使用者相比单独使用两种药物,其发生严重胃肠道出血的风险更高。
NSAID可能会降低血管紧张素转化酶(ACE)抑制剂的抗高血压作用。在同时服用NSAIDs和ACE抑制剂的患者中考虑这种相互作用。
临床研究以及上市后的观察结果表明,NSAIDs在某些患者中可以降低速尿和噻嗪的利钠作用。该反应已归因于肾前列腺素合成的抑制。在与NSAIDs并用的治疗期间,应密切观察患者的肾功能衰竭迹象[参见警告和注意事项(5.6)] ,并确保利尿剂的有效性。
非甾体抗炎药使血浆锂水平升高,肾锂清除率降低。平均最低锂浓度增加15%,肾清除率降低约20%。这些作用归因于NSAID对肾前列腺素合成的抑制。因此,当同时使用包括双氯芬酸和锂在内的非甾体抗炎药时,请仔细观察患者的锂中毒迹象。
据报道,NSAID可竞争性抑制兔子肾脏切片中甲氨蝶呤的积累。这可能表明它们可以增强甲氨蝶呤的毒性。当将NSAID(包括双氯芬酸)与甲氨蝶呤同时给药时,请务必谨慎。
像其他NSAID一样,双氯芬酸可能会影响肾脏前列腺素并增加某些药物的毒性。因此,双氯芬酸的同时治疗可能会增加环孢素的肾毒性。当双氯芬酸与环孢霉素同时给药时要小心。
在一项3期对照试验中,已经评估了口服NSAIDs与双氯芬酸钠局部溶液的同时使用,并且与口服双氯芬酸联合使用相比,与单独口服双氯芬酸相比,导致直肠出血的发生率更高(3%比小于1%) ,以及更常见的肌酐异常(12%vs. 7%),尿素(20%vs. 12)和血红蛋白(13%vs. 9%)。因此,除非益处大于风险并进行定期实验室评估,否则请勿将双氯芬酸钠溶液和口服NSAID联合使用。
指导患者在用双氯芬酸钠外用溶液治疗过的膝盖同一皮肤表面上涂防晒霜,驱蚊剂,乳液,保湿剂,化妆品或其他外用药物之前,必须等到治疗区域完全干燥。
妊娠30周前的C类妊娠; D类从妊娠30周开始。
致畸作用:
尚无对孕妇双氯芬酸钠局部用药溶液的充分且对照良好的研究。孕妇不应使用双氯芬酸钠局部用药溶液,因为尚未确定其安全使用方法,并且从妊娠30周开始,孕妇应避免使用双氯芬酸钠和其他NSAID,因为可能会导致胎儿动脉导管过早闭合。在动物中进行的发育研究表明,即使在剂量高达20 mg / kg / day的小鼠中引起母体毒性和胎儿毒性时,双氯芬酸钠的给药也不会产生致畸作用(最大推荐人剂量[MRHD]为154 mg / kg的0.6倍) (以身体表面积比较为基础),并且在大鼠和兔子中的剂量最高为10 mg / kg /天(分别是MRHD的0.6倍和1.3倍)。已发表的有关二甲基亚砜(DMSO,双氯芬酸钠局部溶液中使用的溶剂)的生殖和发育研究对潜在的致畸性尚不明确。
非致畸作用:
在大鼠中,双氯芬酸的母体毒性剂量与难产,延长妊娠,降低胎儿体重和生长以及降低胎儿存活率有关。
双氯芬酸钠局部溶液对孕妇分娩和分娩的影响尚不清楚。在大鼠研究中,母亲与其他NSAID药物一样,暴露于双氯芬酸,已知会抑制前列腺素的合成,增加难产的发生率,分娩延迟并降低后代存活率。
目前尚不知道这种药物是否会从人乳中排泄。但是,文献中有病例报告表明,母乳中双氯芬酸的含量低。由于许多药物会从人乳中排出,并且由于双氯芬酸钠局部用药溶液可能会给护理婴儿带来严重的不良反应,因此,应考虑到该药物的重要性,决定是否停止护理或停止使用该药物。母亲。
儿科患者的安全性和有效性尚未确定。
在7项对照的3期临床试验中,用双氯芬酸钠局部溶液治疗的911名患者中,有444名年龄在65岁以上的受试者。不良事件的发生率与年龄无关。在一项公开标记的安全性试验中,使用双氯芬酸钠局部溶液治疗的793名患者中,有334名年龄在65岁及以上的受试者,其中包括107名年龄在75岁及以上的受试者。对于该老年人群,长期接触双氯芬酸钠局部用药溶液引起的不良事件发生率没有差异。与任何NSAID一样,在治疗老年人(65岁及65岁以上)时要格外小心,这可能对监测肾功能可能有用,因为他们更有可能降低基线肾功能。
尚无双氯芬酸钠局部用药过量的经验。
急性非甾体抗炎药过量后的症状通常限于嗜睡,嗜睡,恶心,呕吐和上腹痛,通常在支持治疗下可逆。可能会发生胃肠道出血。高血压,急性肾功能衰竭,呼吸抑制和昏迷可能会发生,但很少见。治疗性摄入非甾体抗炎药会引起类过敏反应,用药过量后可能发生。
NSAID过量后使用对症和支持治疗来管理患者。没有具体的解毒剂。不推荐使用呕吐药,因为双氯芬酸钠局部用药溶液可能会引起误吸和随后的DMSO呼吸道刺激作用。在摄入后4小时内出现症状或大剂量服药(通常剂量的5至10倍)的患者,可能会出现活性炭(成人60至100 g,儿童1-2 g / kg)和/或渗透性导泻的迹象。 )。由于高蛋白结合,强制利尿,碱化尿液,血液透析或血液灌流可能没有用。
有关过量治疗的其他信息,请致电毒物控制中心(1-800-222-1222)。
双氯芬酸钠局部用溶液是一种透明,无色至淡橙色的溶液,适合局部使用。
双氯芬酸钠局部用药溶液含有1.5%w / w双氯芬酸钠,一种非甾体抗炎药(NSAID)的苯乙酸衍生物,化学名称为2-[((2,6-二氯苯基)氨基]-苯乙酸,单钠盐。分子量为318.14。其分子式为C 14 H 10 Cl 2 NNaO 2 ,具有以下结构式:
每1 mL溶液含16.05 mg双氯芬酸钠。此外,双氯芬酸钠局部用溶液还包含以下非活性成分:二甲基亚砜USP(DMSO,45.5%w / w),丙二醇,酒精,甘油和纯净水。
双氯芬酸的作用机理与其他非甾体类抗炎药相似。双氯芬酸可抑制花生四烯酸级联反应的早期成分环氧合酶(COX),从而减少前列腺素,血栓烷和前列腺素的形成。 It is not completely understood how reduced synthesis of these compounds results in therapeutic efficacy.
Diclofenac, the active component of diclofenac sodium topical solution has anti-inflammatory, anti-nociception, and antipyretic effects.
After topical administration to healthy human volunteers of single and multiple maximum doses of diclofenac sodium topical solution, 40 drops (approximately 1.2 mL) to each knee (80 drops total dose), the following diclofenac pharmacokinetic parameters were obtained: (see Table 2).
Pharmacokinetic Parameters | Diclofenac sodium | |
---|---|---|
Normal Adults [N=18] (Age: 18-55 years) | Normal Adults [N=19] (Age: 18-55 years) | |
Single Dose | Multiple Dose Four times daily for 7 days | |
| ||
AUC 0-t | 177.5 ± 72.6 ng.h/mL | 695.4 ± 348.9 ng.h/mL |
AUC 0-inf | 196.3 ± 68.5 ng.h/mL | 745.2 ± 374.7 ng.h/mL |
Plasma C max | 8.1 ± 5.9 ng/mL | 19.4 ± 9.3 ng/mL |
Plasma T max (h) | 11.0 ± 6.4 | 4.0 ± 6.5 |
Plasma t 1/2 (h) | 36.7 ± 20.8 | 79.0 ± 38.1 |
Kel (h -1 ) | 0.024 ± 0.010 | 0.011 ± 0.004 |
CL/F (L/h) | 244.7 ± 84.7* | -- |
吸收性
Diclofenac systemic exposure from diclofenac sodium topical solution application (4 times daily for 1 week) was approximately 1/3 of the diclofenac systemic exposure from the Solaraze (diclofenac topical gel) application (twice daily for 4 weeks).
分配
Diclofenac is more than 99% bound to human serum proteins, primarily to albumin.
Diclofenac diffuses into and out of the synovial fluid. Diffusion into the joint occurs when plasma levels are higher than those in the synovial fluid, after which the process reverses and synovial fluid levels are higher than plasma levels. It is not known whether diffusion into the joint plays a role in the effectiveness of diclofenac.
代谢
Five diclofenac metabolites have been identified in human plasma and urine. The metabolites include 4'-hydroxy-, 5-hydroxy-, 3'-hydroxy-, 4',5-dihydroxy- and 3'-hydroxy-4'-methoxy diclofenac. The major diclofenac metabolite, 4'-hydroxy-diclofenac, has very weak pharmacologic activity. The formation of 4'-hydroxy diclofenac is primarily mediated by CPY2C9. Both diclofenac and its oxidative metabolites undergo glucuronidation or sulfation followed by bilIary excretion. Acylglucuronidation mediated by UGT2B7 and oxidation mediated by CPY2C8 may also play a role in diclofenac metabolism. CYP3A4 is responsible for the formation of minor metabolites, 5-hydroxy and 3'-hydroxy-diclofenac.
排泄
Diclofenac is eliminated through metabolism and subsequent urinary and biliary excretion of the glucuronide and the sulfate conjugates of the metabolites.
Little or no free unchanged diclofenac is excreted in the urine.
Special Populations
Pediatric: The pharmacokinetics of diclofenac sodium topical solution has not been investigated in pediatric patients.
Race: Pharmacokinetic differences due to race have not been studied.
The effect of diclofenac sodium topical solution on platelet function was evaluated in 10 healthy human volunteers as a sub-study of a multiple-dose pharmacokinetic study [see Pharmacokinetics (12.3)]. Average (range) platelet aggregation time following stimulation with adenosine diphosphate, collagen, epinephrine and arachidonic acid was 101.3% (73.3 to 128.1), 99.8% (69.6 to 112.9), 109.9% (66.2 to 178.1) and 99.0% (15.5 to 126.6) of baseline value, respectively. These results indicate that there was no effect on platelet aggregation after application of the maximum clinical dose for 7 days [see Pharmacokinetics (12.3)].
Carcinogenicity studies in mice and rats administered diclofenac sodium, as a dietary constituent for 2 years resulted in no significant increases in tumor incidence at doses up to 2 mg/kg/day corresponding to approximately 0.35-and 0.7-fold (mouse and rat, respectively) of the maximum recommended human topical dose (MRHD) of diclofenac sodium topical solution (based on apparent bioavailability and body surface area comparison).
In a dermal carcinogenicity study conducted in albino mice, daily topical applications of diclofenac sodium for two years at concentrations up to 0.035% diclofenac sodium (a 43-fold lower diclofenac sodium concentration than present in diclofenac sodium topical solution) did not increase neoplasm incidence.
In a photococarcinogenicity study conducted in hairless mice, topical application of diclofenac sodium at doses up to 0.035% diclofenac sodium (a 43-fold lower diclofenac sodium concentration than present in diclofenac sodium topical solution) resulted in an earlier median time of onset of tumors.
Mutagenesis: Diclofenac was not mutagenic or clastogenic in a battery of genotoxicity tests that included the bacterial reverse mutation assay, in vitro mouse lymphoma point mutation assay, chromosomal aberration studies in Chinese hamster ovarian cells in vitro , and in vivo rat chromosomal aberration assay of bone marrow cells.
Impairment of Fertility: Fertility studies have not been conducted with diclofenac sodium topical solution. Diclofenac sodium administered to male and female rats at doses up to 4 mg/kg/day (1.4-fold of the MRHD of diclofenac sodium topical solution based on apparent bioavailability and body surface area comparison) did not affect fertility. Studies have not been conducted to determine the safety of DMSO on fertility.
视觉效果
No adverse effects were observed using indirect ophthalmoscopy after multiple-daily dermal application to rats for 26 weeks and minipigs for 52 weeks of DMSO at twice the concentration found in diclofenac sodium topical solution. Published studies of dermal or oral administration of DMSO to rabbits, dogs and pigs described refractive changes of lens curvature and cortical fibers indicative of myopic changes and/or incidences of lens opacity or discoloration when evaluated using slit-lamp biomicroscopy examination, although no ocular abnormalities were observed in rhesus monkeys during daily oral or dermal treatment with DMSO for 9 to 18 months.
The use of diclofenac sodium topical solution for the treatment of the signs and symptoms of osteoarthritis of the knee was evaluated in two double-blind controlled trials conducted in the US and Canada, involving patients treated with diclofenac sodium topical solution at a dose of 40 drops four times a day for 12 weeks. Diclofenac sodium topical solution was compared to topical placebo (2.3% DMSO with other excipients) and/or topical vehicle solution (45.5% w/w DMSO with other excipients), applied directly to the study knee. In both trials, diclofenac sodium topical solution treatment resulted in statistically significant clinical improvement compared to placebo and/or vehicle, in all three primary efficacy variables – pain, physical function (Western Ontario and McMaster Universities LK3.1 OA Index (WOMAC) pain and physical function dimensions) and Patient Overall Health Assessment (POHA)/Patient Global Assessment (PGA). Numerical results are summarized in Tables 3 and 4.
Efficacy Variable | Study I Mean baseline score and mean change in efficacy variables after 12 weeks of treatment | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean Baseline score | Diclofenac sodium N=154 | Topical placebo* N=155 | Topical vehicle† N=161 | |
| ||||
WOMAC pain score (Likert 3.1, 0-20) | 13 | -6.0 | -4.7 | -4.7 |
WOMAC physical function (Likert 3.1, 0-68) | 42 | -15.7 | -12.3 | -12.1 |
POHA (0-4) | 2.3 | -1.0 | -0.4 | -0.6 |
Efficacy Variable | Study II Mean baseline score and mean change in efficacy variables after 12 weeks of treatment | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean Baseline score | Diclofenac sodium N=164 | Topical vehicle* N=162 | ||
| ||||
WOMAC pain score (Likert 3.1, 0-20) | 13 | -5.9 | -4.4 | |
WOMAC physical function (Likert 3.1, 0-68) | 42 | -15.3 | -10.3 | |
PGA (0-4) | 3.1 | -1.3 | -1.0 |
Diclofenac Sodium Topical Solution is supplied as a clear, colorless to faintly pink-orange solution containing 16.05 mg of diclofenac sodium per mL of solution, in a white high density polyethylene bottle with a white low-density dropper cap.
NDC Number & Size
150 mL bottle NDC # 59088-372-10
存储
储存在25°C(77°F); excursions permitted to 15° to 30°C (59° to 86°F) [See USP Controlled RoomTemperature].
See FDA-Approved Patient Labeling (Medication Guide and Instructions for Use ).
Inform patients of the following information before initiating therapy with an NSAID and periodically during the course of ongoing therapy. Encourage patients to read the NSAID Medication Guide that accompanies each prescription dispensed prior to using diclofenac sodium topical solution [see Medication Guide and Instructions for Use].
Diclofenac sodium topical solution, like other NSAIDs, may cause serious DV side effects, such as MI or stroke, which may result in hospitalization and even death. Although serious CV events can occur without warning symptoms, instruct patients to be alert for the signs and symptoms of chest pain, shortness of breath weakness, slurring of speech, and to ask for medical advice when observing any indicative sign or symptoms. Inform patients of the importance of this follow-up [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].
Diclofenac sodium topical solution, like other NSAIDs, may cause GI discomfort and, rarely, serious GI side effects, such as ulcers and bleeding, which may result in hospitalization and even death. Although serious GI tract ulcerations and bleeding can occur without warning symptoms, inform patients to be alert for the signs and symptoms of ulceration and bleeding, and to ask for medical advice when observing any indicative sign or symptoms including epigastric pain, dyspepsia, melena, and hematemesis. Instruct patients of the importance of this follow-up [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)].
Inform patients of the warning signs and symptoms of hepatotoxicity (eg, nausea, fatigue, lethargy, pruritus, jaundice, right upper quadrant tenderness, and "flu-like" symptoms). If these occur, instruct patients to stop therapy with diclofenac sodium topical solution and seek immediate medical therapy [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3)].
Diclofenac sodium topical solution, like other NSAIDs, can cause serious systemic skin side effects such as exfoliative dermatitis, SJS, and TEN, which may result in hospitalizations and even death. Although serious systemic skin reactions may occur without warning, instruct patients to be alert for the signs and symptoms of skin rash and blisters, fever, or other signs of hypersensitivity such as itching, and to ask for medical advice when observing any indicative signs or symptoms [see Warnings and Precautions (5.8)].
Advise patients to stop diclofenac sodium topical solution immediately if they develop any type of generalized rash and contact their physicians as soon as possible.
Diclofenac sodium topical solution can cause a localized skin reaction at the application site. Advise patients to contact their physicians as soon as possible of they develop any type of localized application site rash.
Instruct patients not to apply diclofenac sodium topical solution to open skin wounds, infections, inflammations, or exfoliative dermatitis, as it may affect absorption and reduce tolerability of the drug.
Instruct patients to wait until the area treated with diclofenac sodium topical solution is completely dry before applying sunscreen, insect repellant, lotion, moisturizer, cosmetics, or other topical medication.
Instruct patients to minimize or avoid exposure of treated knee(s) to natural or artificial sunlight.
Instruct patients to promptly report to their physician signs or symptoms of unexplained weight gain or edema following treatment with diclofenac sodium topical solution [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5)].
Inform patients of the signs of an anaphylactoid reaction (eg difficulty breathing, swelling of the face or throat). If these occur, instruct patients to seek immediate emergency help [see Warnings and Precautions (5.7)].
Instruct patients who are pregnant or intending to become pregnant not to use diclofenac sodium topical solution [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1) and Impairment of Fertility (13.1)].
Instruct patients to avoid contact of diclofenac sodium topical solution with the eyes and mucosa. Advise patients that if eye contact occurs, immediately wash out the eye with water or saline and consult a physician if irritation persists for more than an hour.
Instruct patients to avoid skin-to-skin contact between other people and the knee(s) to which diclofenac sodium topical solution was applied until the knee(s) is completely dry.
(See the end of this Medication Guide for a list of prescription NSAID medicines.)
What is the most important information I should know about medicines called Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)?
NSAID medicines may increase the chance of a heart attack or stroke that can lead to death.
This chance increases:
NSAID medicines should never be used right before or after a heart surgery called a "coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)."
NSAID medicines can cause ulcers and bleeding in the stomach and intestines at any time during treatment. Ulcers and bleeding:
The chance of a person getting an ulcer or bleeding increases with:
NSAID medicines should only be used:
What are Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)?
NSAID medicines are used to treat pain and redness, swelling, and heat (inflammation) from medical conditions such as:
Who should not take a Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug (NSAID)?
Do not take an NSAID medicine:
Tell your healthcare provider: