仅接收
倍他米松磷酸钠和醋酸倍他米松注射液,USP是一种无菌水悬液,每毫升含倍他米松3毫克,为倍他米松磷酸钠,醋酸倍他米松3毫克每毫升。每毫升无效成分:磷酸氢二钠7.1毫克;磷酸氢二钠3.4 mg;乙二胺四乙酸二钠0.1 mg;并加入0.2 mg苯扎氯铵作为防腐剂。将pH调节至6.8至7.2。
磷酸倍他米松磷酸钠的分子式为C 22 H 28 FNa 2 O 8 P,分子量为516.41。化学上,它是9-氟-11β,17,21-三羟基-16β-甲基孕烯-1,4-二烯-3,20-二酮21-(磷酸二钠)。
乙酸倍他米松的分子式为C 24 H 31 FO 6 ,分子量为434.50。化学上,它是9-氟-11β,17,21-三羟基-16β-甲基孕烯-1,4-二烯-3,20-二酮21-乙酸盐。
倍他米松磷酸钠和醋酸倍他米松的化学结构如下:
倍他米松磷酸钠
醋酸倍他米松
倍他米松磷酸钠为白色至几乎白色的无味粉末,具有吸湿性。它可自由溶于水和甲醇,但实际上不溶于丙酮和氯仿。
醋酸倍他米松为白色至乳白色无味粉末,在约165ºC的温度下烧结并固化,在约200ºC至220ºC的温度下熔化并分解。它实际上不溶于水,但可溶于丙酮,可溶于乙醇和氯仿。
糖皮质激素是天然存在的和合成的,是容易从胃肠道吸收的肾上腺皮质类固醇。天然存在的糖皮质激素(氢化可的松和可的松),也具有保持盐的特性,被用作肾上腺皮质缺乏症的替代疗法。它们的合成类似物主要用于许多器官系统疾病的抗炎作用。泼尼松龙的衍生物倍他米松具有16β-甲基基团,可增强分子的抗炎作用并降低结合在碳9上的氟原子的钠和水保留特性。
倍他米松磷酸钠(一种可溶性酯)提供迅速的活性,而醋酸倍他米松仅微溶于水并提供持续的活性。
当口服治疗不可行时,肌肉内使用倍他米松磷酸钠和醋酸倍他米松注射剂悬浮液的用途如下:
过敏状态控制严重或致残的过敏状况对于常规治疗哮喘,特应性皮炎,接触性皮炎,药物超敏反应,常年性或季节性过敏性鼻炎,血清病,输血反应的常规试验难以进行。
皮肤病疱疹样大疱性皮炎,剥脱性红皮病,蕈样真菌病,天疱疮,严重的多形性红斑(史蒂文斯-约翰逊综合症)。
内分泌失调先天性肾上腺增生,与癌症相关的高钙血症,非化脓性甲状腺炎。
氢化可的松或可的松是原发性或继发性肾上腺皮质功能不全的首选药物。如果适用,合成类似物可与盐皮质激素一起使用;在婴儿期补充盐皮质激素尤为重要。
胃肠道疾病在区域性肠炎和溃疡性结肠炎的关键时期,患者可以度过难关。
血液系统疾病获得性(自身免疫性)溶血性贫血,Diamond-Blackfan贫血,纯红细胞发育不良,继发性血小板减少症的特定病例。
与适当的抗结核化学疗法配合使用时,伴有神经或心肌受累的其他旋毛虫病,伴有蛛网膜下腔阻滞或即将发生的阻滞的结核性脑膜炎。
肿瘤性疾病用于姑息治疗白血病和淋巴瘤。
神经系统多发性硬化症的急性加重;与原发性或转移性脑肿瘤或开颅手术相关的脑水肿。
眼科疾病交感性眼病,颞动脉炎,葡萄膜炎和对局部皮质类固醇无反应的眼部炎症。
肾脏疾病在特发性肾病综合症或红斑狼疮引起的利尿或蛋白尿缓解。
呼吸系统疾病铍病,暴发性或弥漫性肺结核,与适当的抗结核化学疗法,特发性嗜酸性粒细胞性肺炎,有症状的结节病同时使用时。
风湿性疾病作为急性痛风性关节炎的短期给药(使患者适应急性发作或加重病情)的辅助治疗;急性风湿性心脏病;强直性脊柱炎;银屑病关节炎;类风湿关节炎,包括青少年类风湿关节炎(部分病例可能需要低剂量维持治疗)。用于治疗皮肌炎,多发性肌炎和系统性红斑狼疮。
关节内或软组织给予倍他米松磷酸钠和醋酸倍他米松注射液混悬剂可作为急性痛风性关节炎,急性和亚急性滑囊炎,急性水肿的短期给药(使患者适应急性发作或加重病情)的辅助治疗非特异性腱鞘炎,上con炎,类风湿关节炎,骨关节炎滑膜炎。
对于斑秃,应在病灶内注射倍他米松磷酸钠和醋酸倍他米松注射液。盘状红斑狼疮;瘢痕loid环状肉芽肿,扁平苔藓,慢性扁平苔藓(神经性皮炎)和牛皮癣斑块的局部肥厚性,浸润性,炎性病变;坏死性脂肪性糖尿病。
倍他米松磷酸钠和醋酸倍他米松注射剂悬浮液也可用于腱膜或肌腱(神经节)的囊性肿瘤。
对本产品任何成分过敏的患者禁用禁忌的倍他米松磷酸钠和醋酸倍他米松注射剂。肌注皮质类固醇制剂不可用于特发性血小板减少性紫癜。
倍他米松磷酸钠和醋酸倍他米松注射剂混悬剂不应静脉内给药。
接受皮质类固醇治疗的患者很少发生类过敏反应(见不良反应)。
对于接受任何异常压力的皮质类固醇激素治疗的患者,氢化可的松或可的松是事件发生期间和之后的补充药物。
平均和大剂量的皮质类固醇可引起血压升高,盐分和水分retention留,并增加钾的排泄。除非大剂量使用,否则合成衍生物不太可能出现这些效应。限制饮食中的盐分和补充钾可能是必要的。所有皮质类固醇都会增加钙排泄。
文献报道表明,在最近的心肌梗塞后,使用皮质类固醇与左心室游离壁破裂之间存在明显的联系。因此,在这些患者中应谨慎使用糖皮质激素治疗。
皮质类固醇可产生可逆的下丘脑-垂体肾上腺(HPA)轴抑制作用,停药后可能存在糖皮质激素不足。
甲状腺功能减退症患者皮质类固醇的代谢清除率降低,甲状腺功能亢进患者升高。患者甲状腺状态的改变可能需要调整剂量。
服用皮质类固醇的患者比健康个体更容易感染。当使用皮质类固醇激素时,耐药性可能降低,并且无法定位感染。在身体的任何位置感染任何病原体(病毒,细菌,真菌,原生动物或蠕虫)可能与单独使用皮质类固醇或与其他免疫抑制剂联合使用有关。这些感染可能是轻度到重度。随着皮质类固醇剂量的增加,感染并发症的发生率增加。皮质类固醇也可能掩盖当前感染的某些迹象。
真菌感染皮质类固醇可能加重全身性真菌感染,因此除非存在控制药物反应所需的皮质类固醇激素,否则不应使用此类药物。据报道,两性霉素B和氢化可的松同时使用会导致心脏增大和充血性心力衰竭(参见注意事项,药物相互作用,两性霉素B注射液和钾耗竭剂部分)。
特殊病原体潜在的病原体可能会激活潜在疾病或引起并发感染的加剧,这些病原体包括由变形虫,念珠菌,隐球菌,分枝杆菌,诺卡氏菌,肺孢子虫和弓形虫引起的病原体。对于在热带地区度过时光的患者或任何原因不明的腹泻患者,建议在开始皮质类固醇激素治疗之前,先排除潜在的氨虫病或活动性氨虫病。
同样,对于已知或疑似类圆线虫(线虫)感染的患者,应谨慎使用皮质类固醇。在此类患者中,皮质类固醇诱导的免疫抑制可能导致强茎线虫过度感染和传播,并伴有广泛的幼虫迁移,通常伴有严重的小肠结肠炎和可能致命的革兰氏阴性败血病。
皮质类固醇不宜用于脑型疟疾。
结核皮质类固醇激素在活动性结核病中的使用应仅限于那些爆发性或弥散性结核病,其中将皮质类固醇激素与适当的抗结核药物一起用于疾病控制。
如果在潜伏性结核病或结核菌素反应性患者中使用了皮质类固醇激素,则必须密切观察,因为这种疾病可能会重新发生。在长期糖皮质激素治疗期间,这些患者应接受化学预防。
预防接种接受免疫抑制剂量的皮质类固醇激素的患者禁用活疫苗或减毒活疫苗的接种。可以施用杀死或灭活的疫苗。但是,无法预测对此类疫苗的反应。接受皮质类固醇替代疗法(例如,针对艾迪生氏病)的患者可以进行免疫程序。
病毒感染小儿和成年患者服用皮质类固醇激素后,水痘和麻疹的病程可能会更加严重甚至致命。在没有这些疾病的小儿和成年患者中,应特别注意避免接触。还不清楚潜在疾病和/或先前的皮质类固醇治疗对风险的贡献。如果暴露于水痘,可能需要预防使用水痘带状疱疹免疫球蛋白(VZIG)。如果暴露于麻疹,则可能需要使用免疫球蛋白(IG)进行预防。 (有关完整的VZIG和IG处方信息,请参阅相应的包装插页。)如果出现水痘,应考虑使用抗病毒药治疗。
严重医学事件的报告与鞘内给药途径有关(见不良反应,胃肠道和神经/精神科)。
一项关于甲基强的松龙半琥珀酸酯(一种静脉注射皮质类固醇)的一项多中心,随机,安慰剂对照研究的结果显示,颅脑外伤患者的早期死亡率(2周时)和晚期死亡率(6个月时)有所增加,这些患者被确定没有其他明确的证据。皮质类固醇治疗的适应症。不应使用大剂量的皮质类固醇,包括倍他米松磷酸钠和醋酸倍他米松注射剂悬浮液,来治疗颅脑外伤。
使用皮质类固醇可能会产生后囊膜白内障,青光眼,并可能损害视神经,并可能增强由于细菌,真菌或病毒引起的继发性眼部感染。不建议在视神经炎的治疗中使用口服皮质类固醇激素,这可能导致新发发作的风险增加。皮质类固醇不宜用于活动性单纯眼疱疹。
与许多其他类固醇制剂一样,该产品对热敏感。因此,当需要对小瓶的外部进行消毒时,不应对其进行高压灭菌。
应使用可能的最低剂量的皮质类固醇控制病情。如果可以减少剂量,则应逐渐减少剂量。
由于糖皮质激素治疗的并发症取决于剂量的大小和治疗的持续时间,因此必须在每种情况下就治疗的剂量和持续时间以及是否应使用每日或间歇治疗做出风险/获益的决定。
据报道,卡波西氏肉瘤发生在接受皮质类固醇治疗的患者中,大多数情况下是针对慢性疾病。停用皮质类固醇可能会导致临床改善。
由于接受糖皮质激素的患者可能会发生钠sodium留并导致水肿和钾流失,因此对于充血性心力衰竭,高血压或肾功能不全的患者,应谨慎使用这些药物。
逐渐减少剂量可使药物引起的继发性肾上腺皮质功能不全降至最低。这类相对功能不全可能会在停药后持续数月。因此,在这段时期内发生的任何压力情况下,具有肾上腺皮质激素(氢化可的松可的松)(也具有保盐特性)而不是倍他米松的替代品是肾上腺皮质缺乏症患者的替代疗法。
在活动性或潜伏性消化性溃疡,憩室炎,新鲜的肠吻合和非特异性溃疡性结肠炎中应谨慎使用类固醇,因为它们可能会增加穿孔的风险。
接受皮质类固醇激素治疗的患者在胃肠道穿孔后出现腹膜刺激的迹象可能很少或没有。
肝硬化患者皮质类固醇激素的作用增强。
关节内注射的皮质类固醇可能会被系统吸收。
为了排除脓毒症过程,必须对存在的任何关节液进行适当检查。
伴有局部肿胀,关节运动,发烧和不适进一步受到限制的疼痛明显增加,提示感染性关节炎。如果发生这种并发症并确定败血症的诊断,应采取适当的抗菌治疗。
应避免将类固醇注射到感染部位。通常不建议在先前注射的关节中局部注射类固醇。
通常不建议将皮质类固醇注射到不稳定的关节中。
关节内注射可能导致关节组织受损(请参阅“不良反应”,“骨骼肌肉”部分)。
皮质类固醇通过其对钙调节的作用(即减少吸收和增加排泄)和抑制成骨细胞功能,从而减少骨形成并增加骨吸收。这与继蛋白质分解代谢增加后骨骼的蛋白质基质减少以及性激素生成减少一起,可能会导致小儿患者骨骼生长受到抑制以及任何年龄的骨质疏松症的发展。在开始皮质类固醇治疗之前,应特别考虑骨质疏松症风险增加的患者(即绝经后妇女)。
尽管有控制的临床试验表明皮质类固醇在加速多发性硬化症急性加重的缓解方面有效,但并未显示它们会影响疾病的最终结果或自然病程。研究确实表明,相对较大剂量的皮质类固醇有必要证明其显著作用(参见剂量和用法)。使用高剂量的皮质类固醇已观察到急性肌病,最常见于神经肌肉传递障碍患者(例如重症肌无力)或接受神经肌肉阻滞药物同时治疗的患者(例如潘库溴铵)。这种急性肌病是普遍性的,可能累及眼和呼吸肌,并可能导致四肢瘫痪。肌酐激酶可能升高。停止使用皮质类固醇激素后,临床改善或恢复可能需要数周至数年的时间。
当使用皮质类固醇激素时,可能会出现精神错乱,从欣快,失眠,情绪波动,性格改变,严重抑郁到坦率的精神病表现。同样,皮质类固醇可能加剧现有的情绪不稳定或精神病倾向。
某些人的眼内压可能升高。如果类固醇治疗持续超过6周,则应监测眼内压。
应警告患者不要突然停止使用皮质类固醇或在没有医疗监督的情况下停止使用,以告知任何医护人员他们正在服用皮质类固醇,并在出现发烧或其他感染迹象时立即就医。
应警告使用糖皮质激素的人避免接触水痘或麻疹。还应告知患者,如果暴露,应立即寻求医疗建议。
氨基谷氨酰胺可能会导致皮质类固醇诱导的肾上腺抑制功能丧失。
两性霉素B注射剂和贫钾剂当将皮质类固醇与贫钾剂(即两性霉素B,利尿剂)同时使用时,应密切观察患者是否出现低钾血症。据报道,两性霉素B和氢化可的松同时使用会导致心脏增大和充血性心力衰竭。
抗生素类大环内酯类抗生素已引起皮质类固醇清除率明显下降。
抗胆碱酯酶重症肌无力患者同时使用抗胆碱酯酶和皮质类固醇可能会导致严重的无力。如果可能,应在开始皮质类固醇治疗之前至少24小时停用抗胆碱酯酶药物。
口服抗凝剂尽管有一些相互矛盾的报道,但同时使用皮质类固醇和华法令通常会抑制对华法令的反应。因此,应经常监测凝血指标,以维持所需的抗凝作用。
抗糖尿病药由于皮质类固醇可能会增加血糖浓度,因此可能需要调整抗糖尿病药的剂量。
抗结核药异烟肼的血清浓度可能会降低。
胆固醇胺胆固醇胺可能会增加皮质类固醇的清除率。
环孢菌素当同时使用两者时,环孢素和皮质类固醇的活性可能会增加。并发使用时有惊厥的报道。
洋地黄苷患有洋地黄苷的患者可能由于低钾血症而增加发生心律不齐的风险。
雌激素,包括口服避孕药雌激素可能会降低某些皮质类固醇的肝代谢,从而增强其作用。
肝酶诱导剂(例如巴比妥酸盐,苯妥英钠,卡马西平,利福平)诱导肝微粒体药物代谢酶活性的药物可能会增强皮质类固醇的代谢,并需要增加皮质类固醇的剂量。
酮康唑据报道,酮康唑可将某些皮质类固醇的代谢降低多达60%,从而增加皮质类固醇副作用的风险。
非甾体类抗炎药(NSAIDS)阿司匹林(或其他非甾体类抗炎药)和皮质类固醇同时使用会增加胃肠道副作用的风险。在低凝血酶原血症中,阿司匹林应谨慎与皮质类固醇联合使用。同时使用皮质类固醇可增加水杨酸盐的清除率。
皮肤测试皮质类固醇可能会抑制对皮肤测试的反应。
疫苗长期接受皮质类固醇激素治疗的患者可能会由于抑制抗体反应而降低对类毒素和活疫苗或灭活疫苗的反应。皮质类固醇还可以增强减毒活疫苗中某些生物的复制。如果可能的话,应推迟疫苗或类毒素的途径给药,直到停止糖皮质激素治疗为止(请参阅“警告,感染,疫苗接种”部分)。
在动物中尚未进行充分的研究以确定皮质类固醇是否具有致癌或诱变的潜力。
类固醇可能会增加或减少某些患者精子的活力和数量。
怀孕类别C
当皮质类固醇的剂量等于人的剂量时,已显示出致畸作用。对怀孕的小鼠,大鼠和兔子给予皮质类固醇激素的动物研究显示,后代spring裂的发生率增加。没有针对孕妇的充分且对照良好的研究。仅在潜在益处证明对胎儿有潜在风险的情况下,才应在怀孕期间使用皮质类固醇。应仔细观察母亲在怀孕期间接受皮质类固醇激素所生的婴儿的肾上腺皮质功能低下的迹象。
系统性给予皮质类固醇激素会出现在人乳中,并可能抑制其生长,干扰内源性皮质类固醇激素的产生或引起其他不良影响。给哺乳妇女服用皮质类固醇激素时应格外小心。
皮质类固醇在儿科人群中的疗效和安全性是基于已确立的皮质类固醇的作用过程,这在儿科和成人人群中相似。已发表的研究为小儿患者治疗肾病综合征(> 2岁),侵袭性淋巴瘤和白血病(> 1个月大)的有效性和安全性提供了证据。小儿使用皮质类固醇激素的其他适应症,例如严重的哮喘和喘息,是基于在成年人中进行的充分且对照良好的试验,前提是该病的病程及其病理生理在两个人群中基本相似。
皮质类固醇对小儿患者的不良反应与成人相似(参见不良反应)。像成人一样,应仔细观察儿科患者,并经常测量血压,体重,身高,眼内压,并对感染,心理社会障碍,血栓栓塞,消化性溃疡,白内障和骨质疏松症进行临床评估。通过任何途径接受皮质类固醇治疗的小儿患者,包括系统性给予皮质类固醇的患者,其生长速度可能会降低。在低全身剂量和没有实验室证据证明HPA轴抑制(即,促骨钙素刺激和基础皮质醇血浆水平)的情况下,已经观察到皮质类固醇对生长的负面影响。因此,与某些常用的HPA轴功能测试相比,生长速度可能是小儿患者全身性皮质类固醇暴露的更敏感指标。应当监测接受糖皮质激素治疗的小儿患者的线性生长情况,并应权衡长期治疗的潜在生长效果和获得的临床益处以及其他治疗方案的可用性。为了最小化皮质类固醇的潜在生长作用,应将儿科患者滴定至最低有效剂量。
在老年受试者和年轻受试者之间未观察到安全性或有效性的总体差异,其他报告的临床经验也未发现老年患者与年轻患者的反应差异,但是不能排除某些老年患者的敏感性更高。
(在每个小节下按字母顺序列出)
过敏反应
过敏反应,过敏反应,血管性水肿。
心血管的
心动过缓,心脏骤停,心律不齐,心脏增大,循环衰竭,充血性心力衰竭,脂肪栓塞,高血压,肥厚型心肌病,早发性心肌梗死后的心肌破裂(请参阅警告),肺水肿,晕厥,心动过速,血栓形成,血管炎。
皮肤科
痤疮,过敏性皮炎,皮肤和皮下萎缩,皮肤干燥,鳞屑,瘀斑和瘀斑,水肿,红斑,色素沉着,色素沉着不足,伤口愈合不良,出汗,皮疹,无菌脓肿,皮纹,对皮肤测试的反应受到抑制,皮肤薄弱,头皮稀疏,荨麻疹。
内分泌
碳水化合物和葡萄糖耐量降低,类丘脑状态发展,糖尿,多毛症,肥大症,对胰岛素或口服降血糖的肾上腺皮质和垂体无反应性的需求增加(尤其是在压力时期,如在创伤,手术或疾病中),抑制儿科生长耐心。
流体和电解质干扰
易感患者的充血性心力衰竭,体液retention留,低钾性碱中毒,钾丢失,钠retention留。
胃肠道
腹胀,肠/膀胱功能障碍(鞘内给药后),血清肝酶水平升高(停药后通常可逆),肝肿大,食欲增加,恶心,胰腺炎,消化性溃疡并可能穿孔和出血,小肠和大肠穿孔(尤其是炎症性肠病患者),溃疡性食管炎。
新陈代谢
蛋白质分解代谢导致负氮平衡。
肌肉骨骼
股骨头和肱骨头的无菌坏死,钙化病(在关节内或病灶内使用),夏科特样关节炎,肌肉质量下降,肌肉无力,骨质疏松,长骨病理性骨折,注射后耀斑(在关节内使用),类固醇肌病,肌腱破裂,椎体压缩性骨折。
神经科/精神科
抽搐,抑郁,情绪不稳定,欣快,头痛,颅内压增高伴乳头水肿(假性脑瘤)通常在停药,失眠,情绪波动,神经炎,神经病,感觉异常,性格改变,精神障碍,眩晕后出现。鞘内注射后发生蛛网膜炎,脑膜炎,轻瘫/截瘫和感觉障碍(请参阅“警告”,“神经病学”部分)。
眼科
眼球突出,青光眼,眼内压增高,后囊内白内障,与眼周注射相关的失明罕见情况。
其他
异常的脂肪沉积,对感染的抵抗力下降,打h,运动性增高或下降,精子数量减少,全身乏力,月球面,体重增加。
急性过量的治疗是通过支持和对症治疗。对于面对需要持续进行类固醇治疗的严重疾病的慢性用药,可仅暂时减少皮质类固醇的剂量,或采用隔日治疗。
在早产儿和低出生体重的婴儿中,苯甲醇作为防腐剂与致命的“喘息综合征”有关。用于新生儿,尤其是早产儿时,用于进一步稀释该产品的溶液应不含防腐剂。肠胃外给予倍他米松磷酸钠和醋酸倍他米松注射液的初始剂量每天可从0.25到9.0 mg不等,具体取决于所治疗的具体疾病。但是,在某些压倒性的,急性的,危及生命的情况下,超过正常剂量的给药可能是合理的,并且可能是口服剂量的倍数。
应该强调剂量要求是可变的,必须根据所治疗的疾病和患者的反应进行个性化设置。在注意到良好的反应后,应通过在适当的时间间隔内以较小的递减量减少初始药物剂量,直至达到可以维持足够临床反应的最低剂量,来确定适当的维持剂量。可能需要调整剂量的情况是,继发于疾病过程中缓解或加重的临床状态变化,患者的个体药物反应性以及患者暴露于与治疗中的疾病实体没有直接关系的应激状态的影响。在后一种情况下,可能有必要在一段时间内根据患者的病情增加皮质类固醇的剂量。如果在长期治疗后要停止使用药物,建议逐渐而不是突然停用。
在治疗多发性硬化症的急性加重病时,建议每天服用30 mg倍他米松,一周一次,然后每隔一天12 mg,持续1个月(参见预防措施,神经精神病学部分)。
在儿科患者中,倍他米松的初始剂量可能会有所不同,具体取决于所治疗的特定疾病。初始剂量范围为0.02至0.3 mg / kg /天,分三或四次分剂量(0.6至9 mg / m 2 bsa /天)。
25岁的可的松 | 曲安西龙,4 |
氢化可的松20 | 扑热息痛2 |
泼尼松龙5 | 倍他米松0.75 |
泼尼松5 | 地塞米松,0.75 |
甲基泼尼松龙4 |
这些剂量关系仅适用于这些化合物的口服或静脉内给药。当将这些物质或其衍生物肌肉注射或注入关节腔时,它们的相对性质可能会大大改变。
如果需要并用局麻药,可以使用不含对羟基苯甲酸酯的制剂将倍他米松磷酸钠和醋酸倍他米松注射液混悬剂与1%或2%盐酸利多卡因混合。也可以使用类似的局部麻醉剂。应避免使用含有对羟基苯甲酸甲酯,对羟基苯甲酸丙酯,苯酚等的稀释剂,因为这些化合物可能会导致类固醇絮凝。首先将所需剂量的倍他米松磷酸钠和醋酸倍他米松可注射混悬剂从小瓶中抽出到注射器中。然后吸入局部麻醉剂,并短暂摇动注射器。请勿将局部麻醉药注入倍他米松磷酸钠和醋酸倍他米松可注射混悬剂的小瓶中。
在急性三角肌下,肩峰下,鹰嘴囊和pat前滑囊炎中,一次囊内注射1.0mL倍他米松磷酸钠和倍他米松醋酸盐注射液可以减轻疼痛并恢复整个运动范围。在复发性急性滑囊炎和慢性滑囊炎的急性加重中,通常需要几次皮质类固醇囊内注射。在一次或两次注射后的两种情况下,都有望部分缓解疼痛并增加活动能力。一旦控制了急性疾病,就可以减少剂量治疗慢性滑囊炎。在腱鞘炎和肌腱炎中,大多数情况下,应在注射间隔1至2周的间隔内进行三到四次局部注射。应该对受影响的腱鞘进行注射,而不是对肌腱本身进行注射。在关节囊和腱鞘神经节中,直接向神经节囊肿注射0.5 mL可使病灶明显缩小。
关节内施用0.5至2.0 mL的倍他米松磷酸钠和醋酸倍他米松注射剂悬浮液后,可缓解疼痛,酸痛和僵硬。 Duration of relief varies widely in both diseases. Intra-articular Injection of Betamethasone Sodium Phosphate and Betamethasone Acetate Injectable Suspension is well tolerated in joints and periarticular tissues. There is virtually no pain on injection, and the “secondary flare” that sometimes occurs a few hours after intra-articular injection of corticosteroids has not been reported with Betamethasone Sodium Phosphate and Betamethasone Acetate Injectable Suspension. Using sterile technique, a 20- to 24-gauge needle on an empty syringe is inserted into the synovial cavity and a few drops of synovial fluid are withdrawn to confirm that the needle is in the joint. The aspirating syringe is replaced by a syringe containing Betamethasone Sodium Phosphate and Betamethasone Acetate Injectable Suspension and injection is then made into the joint.
Size of Joint | Location | Dose (mL) |
Very Large | Hip | 1.0 - 2.0 |
Large | Knee, ankle, shoulder | 1.0 |
中 | Elbow, wrist | 0.5 - 1.0 |
小 (metacarpophalangeal, interphalangeal) (sternoclavicular) | Hand, chest | 0.25 - 0.5 |
A portion of the administered dose of Betamethasone Sodium Phosphate and Betamethasone Acetate Injectable Suspension is absorbed systemically following intra-articular injection. In patients being treated concomitantly with oral or parenteral corticosteroids, especially those receiving large doses, the systemic absorption of the drug should be considered in determining intra-articular dosage.
In intralesional treatment, 0.2 mL/cm 2 of Betamethasone Sodium Phosphate and Betamethasone Acetate Injectable Suspension is injected intradermally (not subcutaneously) using a tuberculin syringe with a 25-gauge, 1/2-inch needle. Care should be taken to deposit a uniform depot of medication intradermally. A total of no more than 1.0 mL at weekly intervals is recommended.
A tuberculin syringe with a 25-gauge, 3/4-inch needle is suitable for most injections into the foot. The following doses are recommended at intervals of 3 days to a week.
Diagnosis | Betamethasone Sodium Phosphate and Betamethasone Acetate Injectable Suspension Dose (mL) |
Bursitis under heloma durum or heloma molle | 0.25 - 0.5 |
under calcaneal spur | 0.5 |
over hallux rigidus or digiti quinti varus | 0.5 |
Tenosynovitis, periostitis of cuboid | 0.5 |
急性痛风性关节炎 | 0.5 - 1.0 |
Betamethasone Sodium Phosphate and Betamethasone Acetate Injectable Suspension, USP, 5 mL multiple dose vial; box of one: NDC 0517-0720-01
SHAKE WELL BEFORE USING.
Store at 20°C to 25°C (68°F to 77°F) [see USP Controlled Room Temperature].避光。
仅接收
AMERICAN
REGENT, INC.
SHIRLEY, NY 11967
Revised December 2009
NDC 0517-0720-01
BETAMETHASONE
SODIUM PHOSPHATE and
BETAMETHASONE ACETATE
Injectable Suspension, USP
30 mg*/5 mL ( 6 mg*/mL)
5 mL MULTIPLE DOSE VIAL
Sterile
仅接收
AMERICAN
REGENT, INC.
SHIRLEY, NY 11967
仅Rx
Local Anesthetic for Infiltration and Nerve Block
Not for Spinal or Epidural Anesthesia
Lidocaine Hydrochloride Injection, USP is a local anesthetic which is a sterile, nonpyrogenic solution intended for parenteral injection. See INDICATIONS AND USAGE for specific uses.
Lidocaine hydrochloride is chemically designated as 2-(Diethylamino)-2', 6'-acetoxylidide monohydrochloride and has the following structural formula:
C 14 H 22 N 2 O • HCl MW 288.82
Each mL contains: Lidocaine hydrochloride 10 or 20 mg; methylparaben 0.1%; sodium chloride (7 mg and 6 mg of sodium chloride for 1% and 2% respectively) to render it isotonic; Water for Injection qs Hydrochloric acid and/or sodium hydroxide may have been added for pH adjustment (5.0 to 7.0).
Lidocaine HCl stabilizes the neuronal membrane by inhibiting the ionic fluxes required for the initiation and conduction of impulses, thereby effecting local anesthetic action.
Excessive blood levels may cause changes in cardiac output, total peripheral resistance, and mean arterial pressure. With central neural blockade these changes may be attributable to block of autonomic fibers, a direct depressant effect of the local anesthetic agent on various components of the cardiovascular system. The net effect is normally a modest hypotension when the recommended dosages are not exceeded.
Information derived from diverse formulations, concentrations and usages reveals that lidocaine HCl is completely absorbed following parenteral administration, its rate of absorption depending, for example, upon various factors such as the site of administration and the presence or absence of a vasoconstrictor agent. Except for intravascular administration, the highest blood levels are obtained following intercostal nerve block and the lowest after subcutaneous administration.
盐酸利多卡因的血浆结合率取决于药物浓度,结合的分数随浓度增加而降低。 At concentrations of 1 to 4 mcg of free base/mL, 60 to 80% of lidocaine HCl is protein bound. Binding is also dependent on the plasma concentration of the alpha-1-acid glycoprotein.
Lidocaine HCl crosses the blood-brain and placental barriers, presumably by passive diffusion.
Lidocaine HCl is metabolized rapidly by the liver, and metabolites and unchanged drug are excreted by the kidneys. Biotransformation includes oxidative N-dealkylation, ring hydroxylation, cleavage of the amide linkage, and conjugation. N-dealkylation, a major pathway of biotransformation, yields the metabolites monoethylglycinexylidide and glycinexylidide. The pharmacological/toxicological actions of these metabolites are similar to, but less potent than, those of lidocaine HCl.服用的利多卡因盐酸盐约有90%以各种代谢物的形式排泄,少于10%的则以不变的方式排泄。尿液中的主要代谢产物是4-羟基-2,6-二甲基苯胺的结合物。
静脉推注后利多卡因盐酸盐的消除半衰期通常为1.5至2小时。 Because of the rapid rate at which lidocaine HCl is metabolized, any condition that affects liver function may alter lidocaine kinetics. The half-life may be prolonged two-fold or more in patients with liver dysfunction.肾功能不全不会影响盐酸利多卡因的动力学,但可能会增加代谢物的积累。
酸中毒以及使用中枢神经系统兴奋剂和抑制剂等因素会影响产生明显全身作用所需的利多卡因盐酸盐的中枢神经系统水平。 Objective adverse manifestations become increasingly apparent with increasing venous plasma levels above 6 mcg free base/mL. In the rhesus monkey arterial blood levels of 18 to 21 mcg/mL have been shown to be threshold for convulsive activity.
Lidocaine Hydrochloride Injection, USP is indicated for the production of local anesthesia, by infiltration techniques, such as percutaneous injection, and by peripheral nerve block techniques, such as brachial plexus and inter-costal, when the accepted procedures for these techniques as described in standard textbooks are observed.
Lidocaine HCl is contraindicated in patients with a known history of hypersensitivity to local anesthetics of the amide type.
LIDOCAINE HYDROCHLORIDE INJECTION FOR INFILTRATION AND NERVE BLOCK SHOULD BE EMPLOYED ONLY BY CLINICIANS WHO ARE WELL VERSED IN DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF DOSE-RELATED TOXICITY AND OTHER ACUTE EMERGENCIES THAT MIGHT ARISE FROM THE BLOCK TO BE EMPLOYED AND THEN ONLY AFTER ENSURING THE IMMEDIATE AVAILABILITY OF OXYGEN, OTHER RESUSCITATIVE DRUGS, CARDIOPULMONARY EQUIPMENT AND THE PERSONNEL NEEDED FOR PROPER MANAGEMENT OF TOXIC REACTIONS AND RELATED EMERGENCIES (see also ADVERSE REACTIONS and PRECAUTIONS ). DELAY IN PROPER MANAGEMENT OF DOSE-RELATED TOXICITY, UNDERVENTILATION FROM ANY CAUSE AND/OR ALTERED SENSITIVITY MAY LEAD TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF ACIDOSIS, CARDIAC ARREST AND, POSSIBLY, DEATH.
Intra-articular infusions of local anesthetics following arthroscopic and other surgical procedures is an unapproved use, and there have been post-marketing reports of chondrolysis in patients receiving such infusions. The majority of reported cases of chondrolysis have involved the shoulder joint; cases of gleno-humeral chondrolysis have been described in pediatric and adult patients following intra-articular infusions of local anesthetics with and without epinephrine for periods of 48 to 72 hours. There is insufficient information to determine whether shorter infusion periods are not associated with these findings. The time of onset of symptoms, such as joint pain, stiffness and loss of motion can be variable, but may begin as early as the 2nd month after surgery. Currently, there is no effective treatment for chondrolysis; patients who experienced chondrolysis have required additional diagnostic and therapeutic procedures and some required arthroplasty or shoulder replacement.
To avoid intravascular injection, aspiration should be performed before the local anesthetic solution is injected. The needle must be repositioned until no return of blood can be elicited by aspiration. Note, however, that the absence of blood in the syringe does not guarantee that intravascular injection has been avoided.
Local anesthetic solutions containing antimicrobial preservatives (eg, methylparaben) should not be used for epidural or spinal anesthesia because the safety of these agents has not been established with regard to intrathecal injection, either intentional or accidental.
盐酸利多卡因的安全性和有效性取决于正确的剂量,正确的技术,适当的预防措施以及紧急情况的准备。 Standard textbooks should be consulted for specific techniques and precautions for various regional anesthetic procedures.
Resuscitative equipment, oxygen, and other resuscitative drugs should be available for immediate use (see WARNINGS and ADVERSE REACTIONS ). The lowest dosage that results in effective anesthesia should be used to avoid high plasma levels and serious adverse effects. Syringe aspirations should also be performed before and during each supplemental injection when using indwelling catheter techniques. An intravascular injection is still possible even if aspirations for blood are negative. Repeated doses of lidocaine HCl may cause significant increases in blood levels with each repeated dose, because of slow accumulation of the drug or its metabolites. Tolerance to elevated blood levels varies with the status of the patient. Debilitated, elderly patients, acutely ill patients, and children should be given reduced doses commensurate with their age and physical condition. Lidocaine HCl should also be used with caution in patients with severe shock or heart block.
Careful and constant monitoring of cardiovascular and respiratory (adequacy of ventilation) vital signs and the patient's state of consciousness should be accomplished after each local anesthetic injection. It should be kept in mind at such times that restlessness, anxiety, tinnitus, dizziness, blurred vision, tremors, depression or drowsiness may be early warning signs of central nervous system toxicity.
Since amide-type local anesthetics are metabolized by the liver, lidocaine HCl should be used with caution in patients with hepatic disease. Patients with severe hepatic disease, because of their inability to metabolize local anesthetic normally, are at greater risk of developing toxic plasma concentrations. Lidocaine HCl should also be used with caution in patients with impaired cardiovascular function since they may be less able to compensate for functional changes associated with the prolongation of AV conduction produced by these drugs.
Many drugs used during the conduct of anesthesia are considered potential triggering agents for familial malignant hyperthermia. Since it is not known whether amide-type local anesthetics may trigger this reaction and since the need for supplemental general anesthesia cannot be predicted in advance, it is suggested that a standard protocol for the management of malignant hyperthermia should be available. Early unexplained signs of tachycardia, tachypnea, labile blood pressure and metabolic acidosis may precede temperature elevation. Successful outcome is dependent on early diagnosis, prompt discontinuance of the suspect triggering agent(s) and institution of treatment, including oxygen therapy, indicated supportive measures and dantrolene (consult dantrolene sodium intravenous package insert before using).
Lidocaine HCl should be used with caution in persons with known drug sensitivities. Patients allergic to para-aminobenzoic acid derivatives (procaine, tetracaine, benzocaine, etc.) have not shown cross-sensitivity to lidocaine HCl.
Small doses of local anesthetics injected into the head and neck area, including retrobulbar, dental and stellate ganglion blocks, may produce adverse reactions similar to systemic toxicity seen with unintentional intravascular injections of larger doses. Confusion, convulsions, respiratory depression and/or respiratory arrest, and cardiovascular stimulation or depression have been reported.这些反应可能是由于局部麻醉药的动脉内注射以及逆行血流至脑循环所致。 Patients receiving these blocks should have their circulation and respiration monitored and be constantly observed. Resuscitative equipment and personnel for treating adverse reactions should be immediately available. Dosage recommendations should not be exceeded (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION ).
Concurrent administration of vasopressor drugs (for the treatment of hypotension related to obstetric blocks) and ergot-type oxytocic drugs may cause severe, persistent hypertension or cerebrovascular accidents.
肌内注射盐酸利多卡因可能导致肌酸磷酸激酶水平升高。因此,肌内注射盐酸利多卡因可能会损害在不进行同工酶分离的情况下将该酶测定作为诊断急性心肌梗塞的诊断方法的用途。
尚未对动物中的盐酸利多卡因进行研究以评估其致癌和致突变性或对生育力的影响。
Teratogenic Effects: Pregnancy Category B
Reproduction studies have been performed in rats at doses up to 6.6 times the human dose and have revealed no evidence of harm to the fetus caused by lidocaine HCl.但是,尚无对孕妇的适当且对照良好的研究。 Animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response.对有生育能力的妇女服用盐酸利多卡因之前,应普遍考虑这一事实,特别是在怀孕初期,器官发生最大的时候。
Local anesthetics rapidly cross the placenta and when used for epidural, paracervical, pudenal, or caudal block anesthesia, can cause varying degrees of maternal, fetal and neonatal toxicity (see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY-Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism ). The potential for toxicity depends upon the procedure performed, the type and amount of drug used, and the technique of drug administration. Adverse reactions in the parturient, fetus and neonate involve alterations of the central nervous system, peripheral vascular tone and cardiac function.
Local anesthetics produce vasodilation by blocking sympathetic nerves. Elevating the patient's legs and positioning her on her left side will help prevent decreases in blood pressure. The fetal heart rate also should be monitored continuously, and electronic fetal monitoring is highly advisable.
Paracervical or pudendal anesthesia may alter the forces of parturition through changes in uterine contractility or maternal expulsive efforts. In one study paracervical block anesthesia was associated with a decrease in the mean duration of first stage labor and facilitation of cervical dilation. The use of obstetrical anesthesia may increase the need for forceps assistance.
The use of some local anesthetic drug products during labor and delivery may be followed by diminished muscle strength and tone for the first day or two of life. The long-term significance of these observations is unknown. Fetal bradycardia may occur in 20 to 30% of patients receiving paracervical nerve block anesthesia with the amide-type local anesthetics and may be associated with fetal acidosis. Fetal heart rate should always be monitored during paracervical anesthesia. The physician should weigh the possible advantages against risks when considering a paracervical block in prematurity, toxemia of pregnancy, and fetal distress. Careful adherence to recommended dosage is of the utmost importance in obstetrical paracervical block. Failure to achieve adequate analgesia with recommended doses should arouse suspicion of intravascular or fetal intracranial injection. Cases compatible with unintended fetal intracranial injection of local anesthetic solution have been reported following intended paracervical or pudendal block or both. Babies so affected present with unexplained neonatal depression at birth, which correlates with high local anesthetic serum levels, and often manifest seizures within six hours. Prompt use of supportive measures combined with forced urinary excretion of the local anesthetic has been used successfully to manage this complication.
Case reports of maternal convulsions and cardiovascular collapse following use of some local anesthetics for paracervical block in early pregnancy (as anesthesia for elective abortion) suggest that systemic absorption under these circumstances may be rapid. The recommended maximum dose of each drug should not be exceeded. Injection should be made slowly and with frequent aspiration. Allow a 5-minute interval between sides.
尚不清楚该药物是否从人乳中排泄。由于许多药物会从人乳中排出,因此,当给护理妇女服用盐酸利多卡因时应格外小心。
Dosages in children should be reduced, commensurate with age, body weight and physical condition (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION ).
盐酸利多卡因给药后的不良反应与使用其他酰胺类局部麻醉剂观察到的不良反应本质上相似。 These adverse experiences are, in general, dose-related and may result from high plasma levels caused by excessive dosage, rapid absorption or inadvertent intravascular injection, or may result from a hypersensitivity, idiosyncrasy or diminished tolerance on the part of the patient. Serious adverse experiences are generally systemic in nature.
The following types are those most commonly reported:
中枢神经系统表现为兴奋性和/或抑郁性,其特征可能是头昏,神经质,忧虑,欣快,神志不清,头昏眼花,嗜睡,耳鸣,视力模糊或复视,呕吐,热感,冷或麻木,抽搐,震颤,抽搐,意识不清,呼吸抑制和逮捕。 The excitatory manifestations may be very brief or may not occur at all, in which case the first manifestation of toxicity may be drowsiness merging into unconsciousness and respiratory arrest.
服用盐酸利多卡因后出现嗜睡现象通常是药物血液水平过高的早期征兆,可能由于快速吸收而发生。
Cardiovascular manifestations are usually depressant and are characterized by bradycardia, hypotension, and cardiovascular collapse, which may lead to cardiac arrest.
Allergic reactions are characterized by cutaneous lesions, urticaria, edema or anaphylactoid reactions.对局部麻醉药或对多剂量小瓶中用作防腐剂的对羟基苯甲酸甲酯敏感可能导致过敏反应。 Allergic reactions as a result of sensitivity to lidocaine HCl are extremely rare and, if they occur, should be managed by conventional means.通过皮肤测试来检测敏感性具有可疑的价值。
The incidences of adverse reactions associated with the use of local anesthetics may be related to the total dose of local anesthetic administered and are also dependent upon the particular drug used, the route of administration and the physical status of the patient. In a prospective review of 10,440 patients who received lidocaine HCl for spinal anesthesia, the incidences of adverse reactions were reported to be about 3% each for positional headaches, hypotension and backache; 2% for shivering; and less than 1% each for peripheral nerve symptoms, nausea, respiratory inadequacy and double vision. Many of these observations may be related to local anesthetic techniques, with or without a contribution from the local anesthetic.
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