薄荷油在体外具有抗菌活性。在一项研究中,各种商业薄荷油制剂对各种细菌均表现出广泛的活性。 Lis-Balchin 1997精油及其成分(例如薄荷醇,薄荷酮)对大肠杆菌,幽门螺杆菌,对甲氧西林敏感和耐甲氧西林的金黄色葡萄球菌,假单胞菌属,产气肠杆菌和肠炎沙门氏菌均表现出活性。 Imai 2001 , Işcan2002 , Osawa 1999还显示了弱的抗真菌活性。 Işcan2002薄荷提取物抑制李斯特菌的生物膜生长。桑达西2010
在大鼠中,已证明以40 mg / kg的薄荷油对化学诱导的肾脏毒性和肝毒性具有保护作用,提供与50 mg / kg的水飞蓟素相当的抗氧化活性。 Bellassoued 2018在一项对链脲佐菌素-烟酰胺诱导的2型糖尿病大鼠的研究中,薄荷精油的自由基清除活性介于抗坏血酸和丁基化羟基茴香醚之间。阿卜杜勒·拉蒂夫2017
在一项体外研究中,薄荷提取物抑制了贾第鞭毛虫的滋养体。 Vidal 2007在小鼠血吸虫病模型中,薄荷油显示出抗寄生虫和免疫调节作用,有助于感染的病理生理控制。 Zaia 2016
在体外,薄荷醇通过协同调节bcl-2和p21蛋白的表达来增强维生素D介导的前列腺癌细胞生长抑制。 Park 2009在苯并[a] py诱导的肺致癌性小鼠中,胡椒分枝杆菌叶的提取物降低了肺部肿瘤的发生率和肿瘤多样性。萨玛斯2006
一项评估薄荷酮促进小鼠运动的机制的研究表明,这种作用是由多巴胺系统介导的。当将薄荷酮与多巴胺摄取抑制剂安非他酮合用时,观察到对走动有累加作用。多巴胺拮抗剂也减弱了薄荷酮的作用。这些发现表明,薄荷酮促进下肢运动的机制可能与安非他酮重叠。 Umezu 2009对薄荷提取物在γ-氨基丁酸(GABA),乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)和抗氧化剂体系中的神经化学作用进行了分析。洛佩兹2010 ,弗拉基米尔Knezeic 2014个从薄荷提取物表现出有效的,剂量依赖性的乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制活性和强效的,总的抗氧化能力。弗拉基米尔·克内泽克(2014)
薄荷油的香气已显示出抗多孔作用。 Norrish 2005年, Umezu 2001年在健康志愿者接触精油香精的研究中,气味愉悦度和主观压力水平是显着影响认知能力的因素, Heuberger 2010年的注意力控制增加,而薄荷油的注意力控制增加熏衣草油。科尔萨托2014
在健康志愿者中,薄荷油的香气增强了记忆力,但依兰的油却没有。 Moss 2008薄荷油精油香薰疗法已被Cochrane痴呆症和认知改善小组研究用于痴呆症,只有一项确定的试验结果显示Thorgrimsen 2003受益;关于痴呆症的随机对照试验的最新综述已经发表,但是没有发现有关薄荷油的数据。 Forrester 2014年
薄荷醇的清凉作用可以通过低剂量对称为“瞬时受体电位褪黑素8型”(TRPM8)的“冷受体”的直接作用来解释,该受体是感觉疼痛和有害高温的类香草受体的远亲。贝伦特2004年, MAHIEU 2007年, 2002年McKemy , 2002年佩尔,伦纳2012薄荷的结合在细胞内质网和高尔基体TRPM8诱导钙释放。 Mahieu 2007薄荷醇是TRPM8的激动剂。已经证明Behrendt 2004的薄荷醇浓度较高时,由于瞬态受体电位锚蛋白1型(TRPA1)被薄荷醇和尼古丁以可逆的,非反应性的方式激活,因此会产生疼痛感。雷纳2012
局部应用低浓度薄荷醇会引起凉爽的感觉,而较高浓度的薄荷醇会引起局部麻醉和刺激。 Eccles 1994 , Hatem 2006 , Wasner 2004薄荷醇的这些属性已在构建的疼痛模型中进行了评估。 Hatem 2006 , Wasner 2004薄荷醇的刺激作用引起局部血管舒张, Eccles 1994 , Liu 2005 , Wasner 2004可以促进局部麻醉药的渗透。薄荷醇增强的凝胶已证明丁卡因具有更高的扩散性。 Liu 2005薄荷醇的感官作用被用于商业性局部肌肉骨骼产品。传言1994年,克莱默2005年
薄荷油可降低头痛患者的疼痛敏感性Göbel1994年, Roussos,2014年是一种有效的异味兴奋剂,用于预防发炎的偏头痛,并显着降低了结肠镜检查时的疼痛评分。 Shavaki 2012在一项诊断为偏头痛的成年人(N = 35 [意向性治疗人群]; 118次偏头痛发作)的成年人的三盲,随机,安慰剂对照交叉研究中,皮肤应用薄荷醇可显着减轻疼痛与安慰剂相比,偏头痛的前2个小时内强度升高( P = 0.01)。但是,在以后的时间点,两组之间的平均疼痛强度没有显着差异。 2小时后,在前24天内无疼痛(38.3%vs 12.1%; P = 0.001),疼痛缓解(58.3%vs 17.2%; P = 0)或无疼痛反应的患者百分比薄荷醇的小时(33.3%比12.1%; P = 0.008)和48小时(28.3%比8.6%; P = 0.008)明显更高。两组在治疗后2小时的恶心/呕吐,畏光和恐惧感发生率均显着降低,而安慰剂组的发生率较低。薄荷醇和安慰剂组的不良事件分别报道为15%和7%。薄荷醇最常有皮肤灼热感(发作次数的8.3%),流泪(发作次数的5%)和头痛加剧(发作次数的1.6%)。薄荷醇组中的2名患者由于严重的烧灼感和头痛加重而中止了研究。 Borhani Haghighi 2010
临床试验表明,用薄荷醇和薄荷油进行的芳香疗法在治疗Tate 1997术后恶心方面可能比安慰剂更有效,但没有比标准疗法更有效。安德森(Anderson)2004年,哥伦别斯基(Golembiewski)2005年
在一项小型研究(N = 33)中,芳香疗法在避免术后恶心方面并不比安慰剂好。 Anderson 2004通过对术后恶心和呕吐进行芳香疗法的循证医学综述报道了相似的结果,该结论得出结论,没有可靠的证据支持使用薄荷油治疗此适应症。 Hines 2012
薄荷油的胆汁作用已在Grigoleit 2005 , Zong 2011中进行了描述,并通过动物和体外研究证明了胆汁流量的显着增加以及胆汁成分的变化(例如,总胆固醇,胆汁酸,总胆红素,直接胆红素)薄荷油给药后。与胆汁酸合成有关的基因表达以时间依赖性方式显着上调。宗2011
仅在明确诊断为IBS且无相关器质性病变之后,并且在排除其他诊断之后,才应考虑使用薄荷油。 Cash 2016对薄荷油及其在IBS中的作用的评论证实,与安慰剂相比,它可有效治疗非严重便秘或腹泻的患者,以减轻总体症状,疼痛和腹胀。相对于较高的胃肠道症状(例如气,胃灼热,恶心),获益可能有利于较低的胃肠道(例如腹痛,腹胀,大便稠度,大便次数,肠胃气胀)。 Cappello 2007 , Ford 2008 , Grigoleit 2005 , Hadley 2005 , Harris 2006 , Huertas-Ceballos 2008 , Jailwala 2000 , Jones 2006 , Kline 2001 , Liu 1997 , Merat 2010 , Pittler 1998 , van Zanten 2009综述了研究up剂量的临床试验综述2-4周内需每天服用1,200毫克/天的肠溶薄荷油(每胶囊含180至200毫克薄荷油,每天1至2粒,每次3次),建议薄荷油可能是非严重患者的首选药物与IBS相关的便秘和腹泻可缓解一般症状并改善生活质量。 Grigoleit 2005年2014年对9项研究评估薄荷油治疗IBS症状的研究(N = 726)的系统评价和荟萃分析支持了这些观察结果。 Khanna 2014年在肠易激综合症减少评估和安全性试验(IBSREST)中招募了72位混合型或腹泻型IBS患者,这是一种新颖的胶囊制剂,其中掺入了三层薄荷油薄荷油(180毫克,每天3次,共4周) )旨在在小肠中持续释放的设计有效地缓解了IBS症状;与安慰剂相比,在24小时和4周时,总IBS症状评分明显改善,并且治疗耐受性良好。现金2016
美国胃肠病学院关于IBS治疗的立场声明(2009年)指出,根据约400名患者的有限研究(n = 4),薄荷油在治疗IBS症状方面似乎优于安慰剂。数据受所用薄荷油配方变化的限制。布兰特(Brandt)2009年,同样,美国胃肠病学学院对IBS和慢性特发性便秘进行治疗的专着(2014)指出,薄荷油在改善IBS便秘症状方面优于安慰剂。有限的数据表明,它可能会减轻内脏超敏性和疼痛感的调节作用(弱推荐;中等质量的证据)。福特2014
薄荷油可对平滑肌产生解痉作用,可能是由钙通道阻滞引起的。 Asao 2001 , Grigoleit 2005 , Hills 1991油或左旋薄荷醇可用于结肠Asao 2001 , Grigoleit 2005 , Somerville 1984 , Sparks 1995和食道痉挛, Hiki 2003 , Massey 2001 , Pimentel 2001以及抑制蠕动在Inoue 2014结肠镜检查, Shavaki 2012和其他内窥镜检查过程中。 Asao 2001 , Fujishiro 2014 , Hiki 2012 , Hiki 2003 , Imagawa 2012 , Mizuno 2006 , Papathanasopoulos 2013 , Yamamoto 2006在一项双盲,随机安慰剂对照试验(N = 66)中,盲肠插管和整个手术所需的时间显着增加通过肠溶薄荷油胶囊(即Colpermin;每粒187 mg薄荷油)的给药可减少结肠镜检查的使用(每次P <0.001)。此外,薄荷油组的结肠痉挛,疼痛和重复操作的意愿的患者评分(分别为90%和19%)以及内镜医师的满意度得分均明显高于安慰剂组(每组P <0.001) 。治疗组(而非安慰剂组)报道的不良反应包括烧心(n = 1)和呕吐(n = 1),后者导致研究中断。 Shavaki 2012与安慰剂相比,l-薄荷醇结肠内喷剂可显着提高腺瘤的检出率(60.2%比42.6%; P = 0.008),较低的蠕动评分( P <0.0001)和无蠕动的患者比例更高( 71%和30.9%; P <0.0001)。 Inoue 2014在对接受内窥镜胃治疗的患者的研究中观察到了相似的结果。据报道,接受l-薄荷醇的患者中没有发生或有轻微的蠕动,而接受安慰剂的患者为39%( P <0.001),而接受l-薄荷醇的患者的持续缓解率更高( P <0.001) 。 Fujishiro 2014在急性服用薄荷油后,也记录到胃相收缩力持续降低,导致空腹胃内压力降低。 Papathanasopoulos 2013在另一项接受胃内镜检查的患者的研究中,胃内施用l-薄荷醇可持续降低蠕动,其剂量依赖性,与安慰剂有显着差异。薄荷醇而不是安慰剂发生的药物不良反应为轻度头痛。在任何受试者的胃窦喷雾部位均未发现胃粘膜异常。希基2012
薄荷油可通过砷和其他化学物质保护小鼠和大鼠免于实验性肝损伤, Bellasosued 2018 , Ogaly 2018 , Sharma 2007的功效可与水飞蓟素(一种著名的抗氧化剂)相媲美。肝脏酶,脂质参数,脂质过氧化生物标志物和抗氧化酶有所改善。还观察到组织病理学肝损伤和纤维化的减弱。 Bellassoued 2018 , Ogaly 2018有益效果是剂量依赖性的,使用40 mg / kg剂量的胡椒分枝叶精油观察到,但未观察到5 mg / kg剂量观察到。 Bellassoued 2018年
2017年对多囊卵巢综合症的营养补品和草药的系统评价和荟萃分析确定了1项随机对照试验,评估了穗状支原体的疗效(N = 41)。尽管没有主要结局数据的报道,但与甘菊茶相比,薄荷的总睾丸激素减少效果显着( P = 0.03)。阿伦兹2017
薄荷醇可用于多种非处方药(例如胸擦,吸入剂,锭剂,糖浆),用于治疗感冒和相关的充血和咳嗽。当将薄荷醇吸入与安慰剂进行比较时,可证明儿童咳嗽有所减轻。 Houghton 1998薄荷醇可能用作镇咳药的机制是推测性Eccles 1994 ;然而,已经暗示了气道上皮细胞中的阴离子转运蛋白(例如,TPRV1,TRPA1,ASIC)。 Morise 2010 , Wise 2012在对12名健康志愿者的研究中,观察到通过使用蔗糖漱口水进行化学感觉刺激并随后吸入薄荷醇蒸气,咳嗽阈值显着增加。然而,1-薄荷醇所显示的效果低于用蔗糖溶液漱口后的效果(分别为25%和45%)。观察到对薄荷醇和蔗糖预处理的敏感性存在高度个体差异。 Wise 2012镇痛作用在使用安慰剂相比分别用1%( P <0.02)和0.5%( P <0.05)雾化薄荷醇溶液预处理的感觉异常高反应和慢性咳嗽(N = 29)的成年患者中也得到证实。 Millqvist 2013
使用雾化薄荷醇和安慰剂对慢性轻度哮喘患者的强制呼气量没有影响。但是,薄荷醇组使用的支气管扩张剂较少,喘息发作较少。 Tamaoki 1995同样,与安慰剂或健康对照组相比,接受薄荷醇吸入的健康志愿者, Pereira 2013或接受薄荷醇预处理的慢性咳嗽和感觉亢进的慢性志愿者患者的肺活量测定结果与肺功能没有显着差异。 Millqvist 2013
在一项针对非薄荷醇卷烟的成年吸烟者的开放标签交叉研究中,在所谓的“薄荷饮用期”(使用薄荷茶)期间,尼古丁向可替宁的代谢转化显着降低,而“薄荷茶”则为“薄荷饮料”。 “薄荷醇”期,在此期间避免使用含薄荷醇的产品和薄荷饮料( P <0.0001)。 Ghazi 2011然而,其他评估薄荷醇对吸烟者接触生物标志物影响的研究显示,关于可替宁和尼古丁含量的结果不明确。 Strasser 2013尼古丁和薄荷醇均以可逆方式激活相同的体感受体(TRPA1),在用薄荷醇进行预处理后表现出对尼古丁刺激感的减敏作用。但是,在一项对20名非薄荷醇吸烟者进行的小型交叉试验中,与不含薄荷醇的情况相比,在不含薄荷醇的情况下,尼古丁引起的刺痛感明显降低( P = 0.0018)。 Renner 2012随着2009年《家庭吸烟预防和烟草控制法》的通过,美国食品和药物管理局(FDA)获得了监管烟草产品的权力,包括禁止丁香而不是薄荷醇等相关香精的权力。为了向FDA提供后续建议,研究调查了薄荷醇禁令对吸烟者的影响。结果好坏参半。 Rojewski 2014 , Smith 2014 , Strasser 2013
在一项针对60名成年薄荷醇卷烟吸烟者的开放标签,随机研究中,研究了从香烟中去除薄荷醇的效果。在完成研究的32位吸烟者中,与对照组相比,实验组从薄荷醇过渡到非薄荷醇的吸烟期时,实验组的口感,余味和令人愉悦的烟味较差,而对照组则继续吸烟。在所有期间都拥有自己的品牌香烟。另外,从薄荷醇期到非薄荷醇期,吸烟行为的结果,例如抽吸量和持续时间,而不是抽吸次数,都增加了。但是,在这两个时期之间,每天吸烟的数量没有变化。薄荷醇和非薄荷醇之间在一氧化碳,尼古丁或可替宁水平或氧化应激生物标记物8-oxo-dGuo中均未观察到差异。 Strasser 2013在一项评估薄荷卷烟使用量与戒烟成功率之间关系的研究中,控制戒烟治疗类型后,薄荷醇卷烟的戒酒率低于非薄荷醇戒烟。在对威斯康星州吸烟者健康研究(N = 1,504吸烟者)的数据进行的纵向二次分析中,据报告,戒烟成功的估计概率为薄荷醇吸烟者为37%,而非薄荷醇吸烟者为45%。这种影响的程度有所降低,针对教育的协变量,与吸烟者居住,朋友吸烟的比例和尼古丁依赖水平进行调整后,禁欲率之间的差异也有所降低。当将研究地点作为先前列出的那些的附加协变量包括在内时,薄荷醇和非薄荷醇吸烟之间的戒烟率之间的统计学显着性丧失。当种族和性别协变量相结合时,女性与戒烟薄荷的男性相比,尤其是黑人女性与白人女性相比,禁酒的概率明显更低(分别为17%和35%; P <0.0001)。 Smith 2014年同样,对低剂量纳曲酮作为尼古丁替代疗法的辅助药物的随机对照试验数据的二次分析显示,在14周和26周时,薄荷醇吸烟者和非薄荷醇吸烟者的戒断率显着降低(每个P = 0.04)。戒烟的薄荷醇吸烟者的体重增加明显高于戒烟的非薄荷醇吸烟者( P = 0.03)。罗耶夫斯基2014
在2至4周内,每天可使用高达1200毫克/天的肠溶薄荷油(含180至200毫克薄荷油的胶囊,每天1至2粒,每次3次)的剂量用于治疗非严重便秘和与IBS有关的腹泻。 Grigoleit 2005
薄荷的不良反应,尤其是高剂量的不良反应已有报道。由于会经效应,应避免在妊娠期使用。已经对局部使用Ernst 2002薄荷水的情况进行了研究,以预防母乳喂养妇女的乳头龟裂。 Sayyah Melli 2007薄荷据报道是亚洲国家妇女最常用的草药之一,低剂量被认为在怀孕期间是安全的,对母亲或胎儿均无有害影响。但是,大剂量食用会引发月经和流产。艾哈迈德2017
阿立哌唑:CYP3A4抑制剂(弱)可能会增加阿立哌唑的血清浓度。监控治疗。 Abilify 2011年2月, Abilify Maintena 2013年2月, Aung 2010 , Azuma 2012 , Kubo 2005
非洛地平:薄荷油可能通过抑制CYP3A4,升高非洛地平的血药浓度并增加药理作用和不良反应而影响非洛地平的代谢。水中加入600 mg的薄荷油可使非洛地平的曲线下面积(AUC)增加40%。 Dresser 2002但是,一项关于薄荷醇作用的研究表明,对健康成年人的非洛地平药代动力学没有影响。 Gelal 2005以前已经提出了对其他钙通道阻滞剂的一类效应。比斯利1996
Pimozide:CYP3A4抑制剂(弱)可能会增加Pimozide的血清浓度。避免组合。 Desta 1998 , Desta 1999 , Flockhart 1996 , Orap 2011年8月
辛伐他汀:薄荷油可能会通过抑制CYP3A4,升高辛伐他汀的血浆浓度以及增加药理作用和不良反应来影响辛伐他汀的代谢。在健康志愿者中,水中加入600 mg的薄荷油可使辛伐他汀的AUC增加30%。梳妆台2002
薄荷油是薄荷油的主要成分,可能引起过敏反应(例如,接触性皮炎,潮红,头痛)。 Herro 2010 , Kawane 1996 , Leung 1980 , Posadzki 2012 , Wilkinson 1994薄荷醇和薄荷油的贴剂测试反应延迟可能会在施用后6至14天发生。 Fleming 1998含有薄荷醇/薄荷的口服产品接触敏感性和溃疡症状因停用和避免使用这些产品而得到改善。 Morton 1995在一项偏头痛患者的交叉研究中,薄荷醇最常引起皮肤灼热感(偏头痛发作的8.3%),流泪(发作的5%)和头痛加重(发作的1.6%)。薄荷醇组中的2名患者由于严重的烧灼感和头痛加重而中止了研究。 Borhani Haghighi 2010
局部使用薄荷油后有烧伤和皮肤坏死的报道。 Posadzki 2012摄入40滴薄荷油后,一名没有过敏症的患者报告粘膜烧伤,舌头和口腔水肿。 Tamir 2005薄荷糖的摄入过多导致口腔乳头状肥大引起的口腔炎。 Rogers 1995年记录了一名食用大量薄荷茶的患者的外阴过敏性接触性皮炎。 Vermaat 2008在另一名患者Kalavala 2007中,薄荷足部喷雾剂与皮炎有关,另外几例嘴唇和口腔皮炎的病例可追溯到薄荷味/含薄荷醇的润唇膏,牙膏和喉咙喷雾剂。尽管如此,资产阶级2016年,陈年2010年仍然如此,这种薄荷过敏似乎很少见,前瞻性贴片测试未发现400名受试者对薄荷醇或薄荷油有任何过敏或刺激性反应。 Kanerva 2001据报道,食用薄荷茶后男性性欲下降。阿克多安2004
像薄荷醇作为植物提取物所衍生的其他薄荷一样,薄荷薄荷作为调味料或调味品食用时也具有GRAS状态。 McKay 2006 , Nair 2001已经发表了两篇有关薄荷安全性的综合报告, Nair 2001 , SCF 2002,其中毒死one和薄荷脑是毒理学的组成部分。放射性标记的pulegone与大鼠肾脏α-2u-球蛋白结合,这可能是毒性的靶标。弗格森2007
饲喂高达100 mg / kg / day剂量的薄荷油的大鼠持续28天出现了剂量相关的脑损伤。一项类似的为期90天的研究表明,其病理学相同,没有小脑囊样空间的进一步恶化,其性质与六氯酚引起的神经病变相似,并且归因于薄荷油中的pulegone成分。 Nair 2001 , Olsen1984。但是,如此数量的机油剂量被认为是机油的过量。薄荷油的标准将扑热息浓的浓度限制为该油的1%。 Nair 2001
A case of delirium resulting from intoxication by oral ingestion of topical mentholatum required hospitalization in a woman with chronic alcoholism. Huntimer 2000 A man with chronic alcoholism also experienced delirium after possible oral ingestion of a topical menthol/alcohol-containing analgesic. Weiss 2001 Pulmonary edema and acute lung injury occurred in a patient following intravenous injection of peppermint oil. Behrends 2005
Peppermint oil should not be administered to patients with heartburn or active gastric ulcers because symptoms may be exacerbated. The oil can decrease esophageal sphincter pressure and contribute to gastroesophageal reflux. Hills 1991 Peppermint oil should not be applied to the face, especially under the nose of a child or infant. Eccles 1994 The application of menthol-containing ointment to the nostrils of an infant for the treatment of cold symptoms has caused instant collapse. Leung 1980 Enteric-coated preparations have not been studied in children younger than 8 years and are not recommended for use in very young children. Kline 2001 No association between use of peppermint in the last 2 trimesters of pregnancy and premature birth has been identified, but use in pregnancy should be avoided. Moussally 2010
Abdellatief SA, Beheiry RR, El-Mandrawy SAM. Peppermint essential oil alleviates hyperglycemia caused by streptozotocin- nicotinamide-induced type 2 diabetes in rats.
生物医学药剂师。 2017;95:990-999.28922713
Abilify (aripiprazole) [prescribing information]. Princeton, NJ: Bristol-Myers Squibb; February 2011.
Abilify Maintena (aripiprazole) [prescribing information]. Rockville, MD: Otsuka America Pharmaceutical Inc; February 2013.
Addyi (flibanserin) [prescribing information]. Raleigh, NC: Sprout Pharmaceuticals Inc; August 2015.
Ahmed M, Hwang JH, Choi S, Han D. Safety classification of herbal medicines used among pregnant women in Asian countries: a systematic review.
BMC补充Altern Med 。 2017;17(1):489.29137614
Akdogan M, Ozguner M, Kocak A, Oncu M, Cicek E. Effects of peppermint teas on plasma testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone levels and testicular tissue in rats.
泌尿外科。 2004;64(2):394-398.15302514
Anderson LA, Gross JB. Aromatherapy with peppermint, isopropyl alcohol, or placebo is equally effective in relieving postoperative nausea.
J Perianesth Nurs . 2004;19(1):29-35.14770380
Arentz S, Smith CA, Abbott J, Bensoussan A. Nutritional supplements and herbal medicines for women with polycystic ovary syndrome; a systematic review and meta-analysis.
BMC补充Altern Med 。 2017;17(1):500.29178904
Asao T, Mochiki E, Suzuki H, et al. An easy method for the intraluminal administration of peppermint oil before colonoscopy and its effectiveness in reducing colonic spasm.
Gastrointest Endosc . 2001;53(2):172-177.11174287
Aung GL, O'Brien JG, Tien PG, Kawamoto LS. Increased aripiprazole concentrations in an HIV-positive male concurrently taking duloxetine, darunavir, and ritonavir.
安Pharmacother 。 2010;44(11):1850-1854.20978219
Ayaz M, Sadiq A, Junaid M, Ullah F, Subhan F, Ahmed J. Neuroprotective and anti-aging potentials of essential oils from aromatic and medicinal plants.
Front Aging Neurosci . 2017;9:168.28611658
Azuma J, Hasunuma T, Kubo M, et al. The relationship between clinical pharmacokinetics of aripiprazole and CYP2D6 genetic polymorphism: effects of CYP enzyme inhibition by coadministration of paroxetine or fluvoxamine.
Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2012;68(1):29-37.21739267
Barbalho SM,Damasceno DC,Spada AP等。 Metabolic profile of offspring from diabetic Wistar rats treated with
Mentha piperita (peppermint).
Evid Based Complement Alternat Med . 2011;2011:430237.21647314
Beesley A, Hardcastle J, Hardcastle PT, Taylor CJ. Influence of peppermint oil on absorptive and secretory processes in rat small intestine.
胆量1996;39(2):214-219.8991859
Behrends M, Beiderlinden M, Peters J. Acute lung injury after peppermint oil injection.
Anesth Analg 。 2005;101(4):1160-1162.16192538
Behrendt HJ, Germann T, Gillen C, Hatt H, Jostock R. Characterization of the mouse cold-menthol receptor TRPM8 and vanilloid receptor type-1 VR1 using a fluorometric imaging plate reader (FLIPR) assay.
Br J药学。 2004;141(4):737-745.14757700
Bellassoued K, Ben Hsouna A, Athmouni K, et al. Protective effects of
Mentha piperita L. leaf essential oil against CCl
4 induced hepatic oxidative damage and renal failure in rats.
Lipids Health Dis . 2018;17(1):9.29316974
Borhani Haghighi A, Motazedian S, Rezaii R, et al. Cutaneous application of menthol 10% solution as an abortive treatment of migraine without aura: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossed-over study.
Int J临床实践。 2010;64(4):451-456.20456191
Bourgeois P, Goossens A. Allergic contact cheilitis caused by menthol in toothpaste and throat medication: a case report.
接触皮炎。 2016;75(2):113-115.27385520
Brandt LJ, Chey WD, Foxx-Orenstein AE, et al; American College of Gastroenterology Task Force on Irritable Bowel Syndrome. An evidence-based position statement on the management of irritable bowel syndrome.
Am J Gastroenterol . 2009;104 (suppl 1):S1-S35.19521341
Briggs C. Peppermint: Medicinal herb and flavouring agent.
CPJ . 1993;126:89-92.
Cash BD, Epstein MS, Shah SM. A novel delivery system of peppermint oil is an effective therapy for irritable bowel syndrome symptoms.
数字科学2016;61(2):560-571.26319955
Cappello G, Spezzaferro M, Grossi L, Manzoli L, Marzio L. Peppermint oil (Mintoil) in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: a prospective double blind placebo-controlled randomized trial.
Dig Liver Dis . 2007;39(6):530-536.17420159
Colzato LS, Sellaro R, Rossi Paccani C, Hommel B. Attentional control in the attentional blink is modulated by odor.
Atten Percept Psychophys . 2014;76(6):1510-1515.25070746
Desta Z, Kerbusch T, Soukhova N, Richard E, Ko JW, Flockhart DA. Identification and characterization of human cytochrome P450 isoforms interacting with pimozide.
药理学疗法杂志。 1998;285(2):428-437.9580580
Desta Z, Kerbusch T, Flockhart DA. Effect of clarithromycin on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of pimozide in healthy, poor, and extensive metabolizers of cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6).
临床药理学。 1999;65(1):10-20.9951426
Dresser GK, Wacher V, Wong S, Wong HT, Bailey DG. Evaluation of peppermint oil and ascorbyl palmitate as inhibitors of cytochrome P4503A4 activity in vitro and in vivo.
临床药理学。 2002;72(3):247-255.12235445
Ebrahimie M, Bahmani M, Shirzad H, Rafieian-Kopaei M, Saki K. A review study on the effect of Iranian herbal medicines on opioid withdrawal syndrome.
J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med . 2015;20(4):302-309.25818661
Eccles R. Menthol and related cooling compounds.
药学药理学杂志。 1994;46(8):618-630.7529306
Ernst E.怀孕期间的草药:它们安全吗?
BJOG 。 2002;109(3):227-235.
Ferguson LJ,Lebetkin EH,Lih FB等。雄性F-344大鼠肾脏中14C标记的pulegone和代谢物与alpha2u-球蛋白结合。
毒性环境卫生学杂志A。 2007; 70(17):1416-1423.17687727
Fleming CJ, Forsyth A. D5 patch test reactions to menthol and peppermint.
接触皮炎。 1998;38(6):337.9687034
Flockhart DA, Richard E, Woosely RL, et al. A metabolic interaction between clarithromycin and pimozide may result in cardiac toxicity.
Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1996;59:189.
Ford AC, Moayyedi P, Lacy BE, et al; Task Force on the Management of Functional Bowel Disorders. American College of Gastroenterology monograph on the management of irritable bowel syndrome and chronic idiopathic constipation.
Am J Gastroenterol . 2014;109(suppl 1):S2-S26.25091148
Ford AC, Talley NJ, Spiegel BM, et al. Effect of fibre, antispasmodics, and peppermint oil in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis [published correction appears in
BMJ . 2009;388:b1881].
英国医学杂志2008;337:a2313.19008265
Forrester LT, Maayan N, Orrell M, Spector AE, Buchan LD, Soares-Weiser K. Aromatherapy for dementia.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;2:CD003150.24569873
Fujishiro M, Kaminishi M, Hiki N, et al. Efficacy of spraying l-menthol solution during endoscopic treatment of early gastric cancer: a phase III, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.
J Gastroenterol . 2014;49(3):446-454.23800946
Gelal A, Balkan D, Ozzeybek D, et al. Effect of menthol on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of felodipine in healthy subjects.
Eur J临床Pharmacol 。 2005;60(11):785-790.15592925
Gelal A, Guven H, Balkan D, Artok L, Benowitz NL. Influence of menthol on caffeine disposition and pharmacodynamics in healthy female volunteers.
Eur J临床Pharmacol 。 2003;59(5-6):417-422.12915954
Geuenich S, Goffinet C, Venzke S, et al. Aqueous extracts from peppermint, sage and lemon balm leaves display potent anti-HIV-1 activity by increasing the virion density.
Retrovirology . 2008;5:27.18355409
Ghazi AM, Salhab AS, Arafat TA, Irshaid YM. Effect of mint drink on metabolism of nicotine as measured by nicotine to cotinine ratio in urine of Jordanian smoking volunteers.
Nicotine Tob Re s. 2011;13(8):661-667.21454915
Göbel H, Schmidt G, Soyka D. Effect of peppermint and eucalyptus oil preparations on neurophysiological and experimental algesimetric headache parameters.
Cephalalgia . 1994;14(3):228-234.7954745
Goerg KJ, Spilker T. Effect of peppermint oil and caraway oil on gastrointestinal motility in healthy volunteers: a pharmacodynamic study using simultaneous determination of gastric and gall-bladder emptying and orocaecal transit time.
食品药理学。 2003;17(3):445-451.12562459
Golembiewski J, Chernin E, Chopra T. Prevention and treatment of postoperative nausea and vomiting.
Am J Health Syst Pharm . 2005;62(12):1247-1260.15947124
Grigoleit HG, Grigoleit P. Gastrointestinal clinical pharmacology of peppermint oil.
植物药。 2005;12(8):607-611.16121522
Grigoleit HG, Grigoleit P. Peppermint oil in irritable bowel syndrome.
植物药。 2005;12(8):601-606.16121521
Grigoleit HG, Grigoleit P. Pharmacology and preclinical pharmacokinetics of peppermint oil.
植物药。 2005;12(8):612-616.16121523
Hadley SK, Gaarder SM. Treatment of irritable bowel syndrome.
我是家庭医生。 2005;72(12):2501-2506.16370407
Harris LA, Chang L. Irritable bowel syndrome: new and emerging therapies.
Curr Opin Gastroenterol . 2006;22(2):128-135.16462168
Hatem S, Attal N, Willer JC, Bouhassira D. Psychophysical study of the effects of topical application of menthol in healthy volunteers.
Pain . 2006;122(1-2):190-196.16527405
Heimes K, Hauk F, Verspohl EJ. Mode of action of peppermint oil and (-)-menthol with respect to 5-HT3 receptor subtypes: binding studies, cation uptake by receptor channels and contraction of isolated rat ileum.
Phytother水库。 2011;25(5):702-708.21077259
Herro E, Jacob SE.
Mentha piperita (peppermint).
Dermatitis . 2010;21(6):327-329.21144345
Heuberger E, Ilmberger J. The influence of essential oils on human vigilance.
Nat Prod Commun 。 2010;5(9):1441-1446.20923005
Hiki N, Kurosaka H, Tatsutomi Y, et al. Peppermint oil reduces gastric spasm during upper endoscopy: a randomized, double-blind, double-dummy controlled trial.
Gastrointest Endosc . 2003;57(4):475-482.12665756
Hiki N, Kaminishi M, Yasuda K, et al. Multicenter phase II randomized study evaluating dose-response of antiperistaltic effect of L-menthol sprayed onto the gastric mucosa for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy.
Dig Endosc . 2012;24(2):79-86.22348831
Hills JM, Aaronson PI. The mechanism of action of peppermint oil on gastrointestinal smooth muscle. An analysis using patch clamp electrophysiology and isolated tissue pharmacology in rabbit and guinea pig.
肠胃病学。 1991;101(1):55-65.1646142
Hines S, Steels E, Chang A, Gibbons K. Aromatherapy for treatment of postoperative nausea and vomiting [update in
Cochrane Database Syst Rev . 2018;3:CD007598].
Cochrane Database Sys Rev . 2012;(4):CD007598.22513952
Houghton TM, Beardsmore CS. The effect of menthol on nasal airflow, perception of nasal patency, and cough receptor sensitivity in children aged 10 and 11 years.
Thorax . 1998;53(suppl 4):9A.
Huertas-Ceballos A, Logan S, Bennett C, Macarthur C. Pharmacological interventions for recurrent abdominal pain (RAP) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in childhood [update in
Cochrane Database Syst Rev . 2014;2:CD003017].
Cochrane数据库系统修订版。 2008;(1):CD003017.18254013
Huntimer CM, Bean DW. Delerium after ingestion of mentholatum.
Am J Psychiatry . 2000;157(3):483-484.10698846
Iida H, Inamori M, Uchiyama T, et al. Early effects of oral administration of lafutidine with peppermint oil, compared with lafutidine alone, on intragastric pH values.
Hepatogastroenterology . 2011;58(105):235-238.21510321
Imagawa A, Hata H, Nakatsu M, et al. Peppermint oil solution is useful as an antispasmodic drug for esophagogastroduodenoscopy, especially for elderly patients.
数字科学2012;57(9):2379-2384.22562537
Imai H, Osawa K, Yasuda H, Hamashima H, Arai T, Sasatsu M. Inhibition by the essential oils of peppermint and spearmint of the growth of pathogenic bacteria.
Microbios . 2001;106(suppl 1):31-39.11549238
Inamori M, Akiyama T, Akimoto K, et al. Early effects of peppermint oil on gastric emptying: a crossover study using a continuous real-time 13C breath test (BreathID system).
J Gastroenterol . 2007;42(7):539-542.17653649
Inoue K, Dohi O, Gen Y, et al. L-menthol improves adenoma detection rate during colonoscopy: a randomized trial.
Endoscopy . 2014;46(3):196-202.24573731
Işcan G, Kirimer N, Kürkcüoğlu M, Başer KH, Demirci F. Antimicrobial screening of
Mentha piperita essential oils.
农业食品化学。 2002;50(14):3943-3946.12083863
Jailwala J, Imperiale TF, Kroenke K. Pharmacologic treatment of the irritable bowel syndrome: a systematic review of randomized, controlled trials.
安实习生。 2000;133(2):136-147.10896640
Johnson BF, Cheng SL and Venitz J. Transient kinetic and dynamic interactions between verapamil and dofetilide, a class III antiarrhythmic.
J Clin Pharmacol , 2001;41(11):1248-1256.11697758
Jones MP, Wessinger S. Small intestinal motility.
Curr Opin Gastroenterol . 2006;22(2):111-116.16462165
Juxtapid (lomitapide) [prescribing information]. Cambridge, MA: Aegerion Pharmaceuticals Inc; March 2016.
Kalavala M, Hughes TM, Goodwin RG, Anstey AV, Stone NM. Allergic contact dermatitis to peppermint foot spray.
接触皮炎。 2007;57(1):57-58.17577363
Kanerva L, Rantanen T, Aalto-Korte K, et al. A multicenter study of patch test reactions with dental screening series.
是J Contact Dermat 。 2001;12(2):83-87.11381343
Kawane H. Menthol and aspirin-induced asthma.
呼吸医学。 1996;90(4):247.8736660
Khanna R, MacDonald JK, Levesque BG. Peppermint oil for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
临床胃肠病杂志。 2014;48(6):505-512.24100754
Kline RM, Kline JJ, Di Palma J, Barbero GJ. Enteric-coated, pH-dependent peppermint oil capsules for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome in children.
佩迪亚特2001;138(1):125-128.11148527
Kraemer WJ, Ratamess NA, Maresh CM, et al. A cetylated fatty acid topical cream with menthol reduces pain and improves functional performance in individuals with arthritis.
J Strength Cond Res . 2005;19(2):475-480.15903393
Kubo M, Koue T, Inaba A, et al. Influence of itraconazole co-administration and CYP2D6 genotype on the pharmacokinetics of the new antipsychotic aripiprazole.
Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 2005;20(1):55-64.15770075
梁爱
食品,药品和化妆品中常用的天然成分大全。 New York, NY: Wiley Interscience; 1980年。
Lis-Balchin M, Deans SG, Hart S. A study of the variability of commercial peppermint oils using antimicrobial and pharmacologic parameters.
Med Sci Res . 1997;25(3):151-152.
Liu JH, Chen GH, Yeh HZ, Huang CK, Poon SK. Enteric-coated peppermint-oil capsules in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: a prospective, randomized trial.
J Gastroenterol . 1997;32(6):765-768.9430014
Liu Y, Ye X, Feng X, et al. Menthol facilitates the skin analgesic effect of tetracaine gel.
Int J Pharm . 2005;305(1-2):31-36.16219435
López V, Martín S, Gómez-Serranillos MP, Carretero ME, Jäger AK, Calvo MI. Neuroprotective and neurochemical properties of mint extracts.
Phytother水库。 2010;24(6):869-874.19943334
Mahieu F, Owsianik G, Verbert L, et al. TRPM8-independent menthol-induced Ca2+ release from endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi.
生物化学杂志。 2007;282(5):3325-3336.17142461
Massey BT. Diffuse esophageal spasm: a case for carminatives?
临床胃肠病杂志。 2001;33(1):8-10.11418782
McKay DL, Blumberg JB. A review of the bioactivity and potential health benefits of peppermint tea (
Mentha piperita L.).
Phytother水库。 2006;20(8):619-633.16767798
McKemy DD, Neuhausser WM, Julius D. Identification of a cold receptor reveals a general role for TRP channels in thermosensation.
大自然。 2002;416(6876):52-58.11882888
Mentha x piperita L. USDA, NRCS. 2018. The PLANTS database ( http://plants.usda.gov , 19 December 2018).国家植物数据小组,格林斯伯勒,NC 27401-4901美国。
Merat S, Khalili S, Mostajabi P, Ghorbani A, Ansari R, Malekzadeh R. The effect of enteric-coated, delayed-release peppermint oil on irritable bowel syndrome.
数字科学2010;55(5):1385-1390.19507027
Mesbahzadeh B, Akbari M, Kor NM, Zadeh JB. The effects of different levels of peppermint alcoholic extract on body-weight gain and blood biochemical parameters of adult male Wistar rats.
Electron Physician . 2015;7(6):1376-1380.17142461
Millqvist E, Ternesten-Hasséus E, Bende M. Inhalation of menthol reduces capsaicin cough sensitivity and influences inspiratory flows in chronic cough.
呼吸医学。 2013;107(3):433-438.23266255
Mizuno S, Kato K, Ono Y, et al. Oral peppermint oil is a useful antispasmodic for double-contrast barium meal examination.
J胃肠肝素。 2006;21(8):1297-1301.16872313
Morise M, Ito Y, Matsuno T, et al. Heterologous regulation of anion transporters by menthol in human airway epithelial cells.
欧洲药典。 2010;635(1-3):204-211.20362570
Morton CA, Garioch J, Todd P, Lamey PJ, Forsyth A. Contact sensitivity to menthol and peppermint in patients with intra-oral symptoms.
接触皮炎。 1995;32(5):281-284.7634781
Moss M, Hewitt S, Moss L, Wesnes K. Modulation of cognitive performance and mood by aromas of peppermint and ylang-ylang.
Int J Neurosci . 2008;118(1):59-77.18041606
Moussally K, Bérard A. Exposure to herbal products during pregnancy and the risk of preterm birth.
Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol . 2010;150(1):107-108.20193976
Mucciarelli M, Camusso W, Maffei M, Panicco P, Bicchi C. Volatile terpenoids of endophyte-free and infected peppermint (
Mentha piperita L.): chemical partitioning of a symbiosis.
Microb Ecol. 2007;54(4):685-696.17370029
Nair B. Final report on the safety assessment of
Mentha piperita (peppermint) oil,
Mentha piperita (peppermint) leaf extract,
Mentha piperita (peppermint) leaf, and
Mentha piperita (peppermint) leaf water.
国际J毒理学杂志。 2001; 20(suppl 3):61-73.11766133
Nimodipine [prescribing information]. Montvale, NJ: Ascend Laboratories LLC; April 2015.
Norrish MI, Dwyer KL. Preliminary investigation of the effect of peppermint oil on an objective measure of daytime sleepiness.
Int J Psychophysiol . 2005;55(3):291-298.15708642
Nowack R, Nowak B. Herbal teas interfere with cyclosporin levels in renal transplant patients.
Nephrol Dial Transplant . 2005;20(11):2554-2556.16046518
Ogaly HA, Eltablawy NA, Abd-Elsalam RM. Antifibrogenic influence of
Mentha piperita L. essential oil against CCl4-induced liver fibrosis in rats.
氧化Med细胞Longev 。 2018;2018:4039753.29849890
Olsen P, Thorup I. Neurotoxicity in rats dosed with peppermint oil and pulegone.
Arch Toxicol . 1984;(suppl 7):408.
Orap (pimozide) [prescribing information]. Sellersville, PA: Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, August 2011.
Osawa K, Saeki T, Yasuda H, Hamashima H, Sasatsu M, Arai T. The antibacterial activities of peppermint oil and green tea polyphenols, alone and in combination, against enterohemorrhagic
Escherichia coli .
Biocontrol Sci . 1999;4(1):1-7.
Papathanasopoulos A, Rotondo A, Janssen P, et al. Effect of acute peppermint oil administration on gastric sensorimotor function and nutrient tolerance in health.
Neurogastroenterol Motil . 2013;25(4):e263-e271.68.23489975
Park EJ, Kim SH, Kim BJ, Kim SY, So I, Jeon JH. Menthol enhances an antiproliferative activity of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) in LNCaP cells.
J Clin Biochem Nutr . 2009;44(2):125-130.19308266
Patel G, King A, Dutta S, et al. Evaluation of the effects of the weak CYP3A inhibitors atorvastatin and ethinyl estradiol/norgestimate on lomitapide pharmacokinetics in healthy subjects.
临床药学杂志。 2016;56(1):47-55.26120010
Peier AM, Moqrich A, Hergarden AC, et al. A TRP channel that senses cold stimuli and menthol.
Cell . 2002;108(5):705-715.11893340
Pereira EJ, Sim L, Driver H, Parker C, Fitzpatrick M. The effect of inhaled menthol on upper airway resistance in humans: a randomized controlled crossover study.
Can Respir J . 2013;20(1):e1-4.23457678
Pimentel M, Bonorris GG, Chow EJ, Lin HC. Peppermint oil improves the manometric findings in diffuse esophageal spasm.
临床胃肠病杂志。 2001;33(1):27-31.11418786
Pittler MH, Ernst E. Peppermint oil for irritable bowel syndrome: a critical review and metaanalysis.
Am J Gastroenterol . 1998;93(7):1131-1135.9672344
Posadzki P, Alotaibi A, Ernst E. Adverse effects of aromatherapy: a systematic review of case reports and case series.
Int J Risk Saf Med . 2012;24(3):147-161.22936057
Renner B, Schreiber K. Olfactory and trigeminal interaction of menthol and nicotine in humans.
Exp Brain Res . 2012;219(1):13-26.22434343
Rios-Estepa R, Turner GW, Lee JM, Croteau RB, Lange BM. A systems biology approach identifies the biochemical mechanisms regulating monoterpenoid essential oil composition in peppermint.
美国国家自然科学委员会。 2008;105(8):2818-2823.18287058
Rogers SN, Pahor AL. A form of stomatitis induced by excessive peppermint consumption.
Dent Update . 1995;22(1):36-37.7664971
Rojewski AM, Toll BA, O'Malley SS. Menthol cigarette use predicts treatment outcomes of weight-concerned smokers.
Nicotine Tob Res . 2014;16(1):115-119.24113927
Roussos AP, Hirsch AR. Alliaceous migraines.
Headache . 2014;54(2):378-382.23551212
Samarth RM, Panwar M, Kumar M, Kumar A. Protective effects of
Mentha piperita Linn on benzo[a]pyrene-induced lung carcinogenicity and mutagenicity in Swiss albino mice [published correction appears in Mutagenesis. 2007;22(4):303].
Mutagenesis . 2006;21(1):61-66.16399846
Sandasi M, Leonard CM, Viljoen AM. The in vitro antib