对于消费者
适用于头孢吡肟:溶液注射粉
需要立即就医的副作用
头孢吡肟及其所需的作用可能会引起某些不良作用。尽管并非所有这些副作用都可能发生,但如果确实发生了,则可能需要医疗护理。
服用头孢吡肟时,请立即与您的医生或护士联系,检查是否有以下任何副作用:
比较普遍;普遍上
- 腹部或腹部绞痛
- 背部,腿部或胃部疼痛
- 牙龈出血,流鼻血
- 混乱
- 抽搐
- 黑尿
- 呼吸困难
- 发烧,发冷
- 全身肿胀
- 头痛
- 心律不齐
- 食欲不振
- 情绪或精神变化
- 手,臂,脚,腿或脸的肌肉抽筋
- 恶心或呕吐
- 口,指尖或脚周围麻木和刺痛
- 震颤
- 眼睛或皮肤发黄
不常见
罕见
发病率未知
- 搅动
- 皮肤起泡,脱皮或松弛
- 血尿或浑浊
- 血腥,黑色或柏油样的粪便
- 模糊的视野
- 意识改变
- 胸痛
- 咳嗽或声音嘶哑
- 排尿困难或痛苦
- 吞咽困难
- 头晕
- 快速的心跳
- 普遍感到疲倦或虚弱
- 瘙痒,荨麻疹
- 肌肉抽搐或抽搐
- 麻痹
- 查明皮肤上的红色斑点
- 眼睑或眼睛,面部,嘴唇或舌头周围浮肿或肿胀
- 皮肤病变为红色,中心常为紫色
- 肌肉的节奏运动
- 看到,听到或感觉不到的东西
- 癫痫发作
- 严重嗜睡
- 落枕
- 尿量突然减少
- 腺体肿胀或疼痛
- 难闻的呼吸异味
- 异常出血或瘀伤
- 吐血
不需要立即就医的副作用
头孢吡肟可能会产生某些副作用,通常不需要医治。随着身体对药物的适应,这些副作用可能会在治疗期间消失。另外,您的医疗保健专业人员可能会告诉您一些预防或减少这些副作用的方法。
请咨询您的医疗保健专业人员,是否持续存在以下不良反应或令人讨厌,或者是否对这些副作用有任何疑问:
不常见
罕见
- 阴道或生殖器部位瘙痒
- 性交时的疼痛
- 皮肤发红
- 口或舌酸痛
- 白带厚实,白带,无异味或有轻微气味
- 口腔,舌头或喉咙上有白色斑点
对于医疗保健专业人员
适用于头孢吡肟:注射剂,静脉注射粉剂,静脉注射液
一般
最常见的副作用包括Coombs试验阳性(无溶血),局部反应,ALT升高和腹泻。 [参考]
血液学
非常常见(10%或更高):无溶血的阳性Coombs检验(高达18.7%)
常见(1%至10%):部分凝血活酶时间异常(PTT),凝血酶原时间异常(PT),贫血,嗜酸性粒细胞增多,PT延长,PTT延长
罕见(0.1%至1%):血细胞比容降低,中性粒细胞减少/中性粒细胞减少,血小板/血小板减少/暂时性血小板减少,白细胞计数/白细胞减少/暂时性白细胞减少
罕见(0.01%至0.1%):短暂性中性粒细胞减少
未报告频率:粒细胞缺乏症,再生障碍性贫血,溶血性贫血
上市后报告:全血细胞减少症[参考]
据报道,使用头孢菌素可导致粒细胞缺乏症,再生障碍性贫血,溶血性贫血,中性粒细胞减少,全血细胞减少,血小板减少和短暂性白细胞减少。 [参考]
肝的
据报道,使用头孢菌素可引起肝功能障碍和胆汁淤积。 [参考]
常见(1%至10%):碱性磷酸酶增加,血液胆红素增加,ALT增加,AST增加,总胆红素增加
上市后报告:胆汁淤积,肝功能不全[参考]
本地
常见(1%至10%):输液部位反应/局部反应,注射部位发炎,注射部位疼痛
罕见(0.1%至1%):输液部位发炎[参考]
局部反应包括炎症,疼痛,静脉炎和皮疹,并且在接受静脉输液的患者中与该药物无关均发生。 [参考]
胃肠道
更高的剂量(每8小时2克)与更高的副作用发生率相关,包括腹泻,恶心和呕吐。 [参考]
常见(1%至10%):腹泻,恶心,呕吐
罕见(0.1%至1%):结肠炎,口腔念珠菌病,口腔念珠菌病,假膜性结肠炎
稀有(0.01%至0.1%):腹痛,便秘
未报告频率:艰难梭菌相关性腹泻,胃肠道疾病[参考]
皮肤科的
常见(1%至10%):瘙痒,皮疹/皮疹
罕见(0.1%至1%):红斑,荨麻疹
未报告频率:多形性红斑,史蒂文斯-约翰逊综合征,中毒性表皮坏死[参考]
较高的剂量(每8小时2克)与较高的副作用发生率有关,包括皮疹和瘙痒。
小儿患者最常报告的副作用是皮疹。
据报道,使用头孢菌素可导致多形性红斑,史蒂文斯-约翰逊综合征和中毒性表皮坏死。 [参考]
其他
较高的剂量(每8小时2克)与较高的副作用(包括发烧)相关。 [参考]
常见(1%至10%):发烧/发热
罕见(0.1%至1%):发炎,疼痛
稀有(0.01%至0.1%):寒冷[参考]
心血管的
常见(1%至10%):静脉炎/输液部位静脉炎
稀有(0.01%至0.1%):血管舒张
未报告频率:出血[参考]
据报道,使用头孢菌素会引起出血。 [参考]
新陈代谢
低钙血症在老年患者中更常见。
据报道使用头孢菌素会导致假阳性糖尿。 [参考]
常见(1%至10%):磷减少
罕见(0.1%至1%):钙减少,低血钙,钙增加,磷增加,钾增加
未报告频率:假阳性糖尿症[参考]
神经系统
常见(1%至10%):头痛
稀有(0.01%至0.1%):抽搐,头晕,消化不良,感觉异常,味觉变态
非常罕见(少于0.01%):癫痫发作
未报告频率:意识/意识障碍状态改变,昏迷,脑病,肌阵挛,神经毒性,木僵
上市后报告:失语症,非惊厥性癫痫持续状态[参考]
较高的剂量(每8小时2克)与副作用(包括头痛)的发生率较高相关。
脑病包括昏迷,精神错乱,意识障碍,幻觉和木僵。
据报道,使用头孢菌素可导致昏迷,意识障碍,惊厥,脑病,肌阵挛和木僵。 [参考]
呼吸道
罕见(0.01%至0.1%):呼吸困难[参考]
肾的
罕见(0.1%至1%):血肌酐增高/增高,血尿素增高/增高,血尿素氮(BUN),血清肌酐短暂升高,血清尿素短暂升高,短暂尿毒症
未报告频率:肾功能不全,肾衰竭,中毒性肾病[参考]
据报道,使用头孢菌素可导致肾功能衰竭和中毒性肾病。 [参考]
泌尿生殖
罕见(0.1%至1%):阴道感染,阴道炎
罕见(0.01%至0.1%):生殖器瘙痒[参考]
过敏症
罕见(0.01%至0.1%):过敏反应,血管性水肿
未报告频率:过敏性休克,过敏反应,超敏反应[参考]
使用头孢菌素有过敏性休克和过敏反应的报道。 [参考]
免疫学的
罕见(0.01%至0.1%):念珠菌病,未明确的念珠菌病[参考]
精神科
头孢菌素的使用引起混乱和幻觉。 [参考]
未报告频率:混乱/混乱状态,幻觉[参考]
参考文献
1. Cerner Multum,Inc.“英国产品特性摘要”。 00
2.“产品信息。Maxipime(头孢吡肟)。” Bristol-Myers Squibb,新泽西州普林斯顿。
3. Cerner Multum,Inc.“澳大利亚产品信息”。 00
某些副作用可能没有报道。您可以将其报告给FDA。
成人细菌血症的常用剂量
与菌血症相关的肺炎:每8到12小时经30分钟静脉注射1至2克
与菌血症相关的轻度至中度尿路感染(UTI):每12小时30分钟内通过静脉注射0.5至1克
与菌血症相关的严重UTI:每12小时30分钟静脉注射2克
治疗时间:
-肺炎:10天
-中度UTI:7至10天
-严重的UTI:10天
用途:
-治疗由易感性肺炎链球菌,铜绿假单胞菌,肺炎克雷伯菌或肠杆菌种引起的中重度肺炎和并发菌血症
-治疗由易感染的大肠杆菌,肺炎克雷伯氏菌或奇异变形杆菌引起的复杂,简单的轻度至中度尿路感染和并发菌血症
-治疗易感性大肠杆菌或肺炎克雷伯菌引起的复杂,不复杂的严重尿路感染和并发菌血症
美国传染病学会(IDSA)建议:
每8小时静脉注射2克含/不含氨基糖苷
评论:可以使用或不使用氨基糖苷类药物进行首选治疗。
用途:
-铜绿假单胞菌引起的静脉导管相关性血液感染的辅助首选治疗
-肠杆菌属和粘质沙雷氏菌引起的静脉导管相关血流感染的替代治疗
发热性中性粒细胞减少症的成人剂量
经验性治疗:每8小时30分钟经静脉注射2克
-疗程:7天或直至中性白细胞减少
评论:
-对于发烧缓解但中性粒细胞减少超过7天的患者,应经常重新评估对抗生素治疗的持续需求。
-对于有严重感染风险的高危患者(例如,有近期骨髓移植史,就诊时低血压,潜在的血液系统恶性肿瘤,严重/长期中性粒细胞减少症的患者),使用该药物可能不合适。
用途:单药治疗发热性中性粒细胞减少症
成年人腹腔感染的常用剂量
复杂的腹腔内感染:每8至12小时30分钟内静脉注射2克
假单胞菌引起的腹腔内感染:每8小时30分钟静脉注射2克
治疗时间:7至10天
用途:与甲硝唑联用,用于治疗由脆弱的拟杆菌,肠杆菌属,大肠杆菌,肺炎克雷伯氏菌,铜绿假单胞菌或绿豆类链球菌(VGS)的易感分离株引起的复杂的腹腔内感染
外科感染学会(SIS)和IDSA建议:
初始剂量:每8至12小时静脉注射2克加上甲硝唑
评论:维持剂量应基于调整后的体重和血清药物浓度。
用途:
-经验联合治疗由产生超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBL)的肠杆菌科细菌或铜绿假单胞菌或革兰氏阴性杆菌引起的严重生理障碍,高龄或免疫功能低下的患者的复杂胆源性社区外腹腔感染(GNB)对这种药物的耐药性低于20%
-辅助性经验治疗严重的生理紊乱,高龄和/或免疫功能低下的社区获得性急性胆囊炎
-任何严重程度的胆肠肠吻合术后急性胆管炎的辅助经验治疗
-任何严重程度的与医疗相关的胆道感染的辅助经验治疗
成年人肺炎的常用剂量
中度至重度肺炎:每8到12小时经30分钟静脉注射1到2克
铜绿假单胞菌引起的肺炎:每8小时经30分钟静脉注射2克
治疗时间:10天
用途:治疗由肠杆菌属,肺炎克雷伯菌,铜绿假单胞菌或肺炎链球菌易感菌株引起的中度至重度肺炎
IDSA和美国胸科学会(ATS)建议:
每8小时静脉注射2克
用途:
-对于没有高死亡率风险且无增加耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)可能性的患者,对医院获得性肺炎(非呼吸机相关性肺炎)进行初始经验治疗
-对于不是高死亡风险但具有增加MRSA可能性的因素(例如90天内以前的静脉抗生素治疗,单位治疗)的患者,初始经验性治疗医院获得性肺炎(非呼吸机相关性肺炎)其中金黄色葡萄球菌分离株中MRSA的发生率未知或大于20%)
-在过去90天内有高死亡风险或接受静脉注射抗生素的患者中,针对医院获得性肺炎(非呼吸机相关性肺炎)的初始经验治疗
-在经验性MRSA覆盖率和双重抗假性/革兰氏阴性覆盖率适当的单位中,对可疑呼吸机相关性肺炎进行辅助性经验治疗
医院内肺炎的常规成人剂量
中度至重度肺炎:每8到12小时经30分钟静脉注射1到2克
铜绿假单胞菌引起的肺炎:每8小时经30分钟静脉注射2克
治疗时间:10天
用途:治疗由肠杆菌属,肺炎克雷伯菌,铜绿假单胞菌或肺炎链球菌易感菌株引起的中度至重度肺炎
IDSA和美国胸科学会(ATS)建议:
每8小时静脉注射2克
用途:
-对于没有高死亡率风险且无增加耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)可能性的患者,对医院获得性肺炎(非呼吸机相关性肺炎)进行初始经验治疗
-对于不是高死亡风险但具有增加MRSA可能性的因素(例如90天内以前的静脉抗生素治疗,单位治疗)的患者,初始经验性治疗医院获得性肺炎(非呼吸机相关性肺炎)其中金黄色葡萄球菌分离株中MRSA的发生率未知或大于20%)
-在过去90天内有高死亡风险或接受静脉注射抗生素的患者中,针对医院获得性肺炎(非呼吸机相关性肺炎)的初始经验治疗
-在经验性MRSA覆盖率和双重抗假性/革兰氏阴性覆盖率适当的单位中,对可疑呼吸机相关性肺炎进行辅助性经验治疗
成年人皮肤和结构感染的常用剂量
每12小时30分钟静脉注射2克
-治疗时间:10天
用途:
-治疗由金黄色葡萄球菌(仅对甲氧西林敏感的分离株)或化脓性链球菌引起的简单皮肤和皮肤结构感染
-治疗由MSSA或化脓性葡萄球菌引起的中度至重度简单的皮肤和皮肤结构感染
肾盂肾炎通常的成人剂量
轻度至中度的无并发症或复杂感染:每12小时30分钟内通过静脉注射0.5至1克IM或
严重无并发症或复杂感染:每12小时30分钟静脉注射2克
治疗时间:
-轻度至中度:7至10天
-严重:10天
评论:可以通过IM给药治疗由大肠杆菌引起的轻度至中度的简单,复杂感染;其他分离株应通过静脉注射治疗。
用途:
-治疗易感性的大肠杆菌,肺炎克雷伯氏菌或奇异变形菌引起的复杂和简单的轻中度UTI
-治疗由易感染的大肠杆菌或肺炎克雷伯菌引起的复杂而简单的严重尿路感染
-肾盂肾炎的治疗
成年人尿路感染的常用剂量
轻度至中度的无并发症或复杂感染:每12小时30分钟内通过静脉注射0.5至1克IM或
严重无并发症或复杂感染:每12小时30分钟静脉注射2克
治疗时间:
-轻度至中度:7至10天
-严重:10天
评论:可以通过IM给药治疗由大肠杆菌引起的轻度至中度的简单,复杂感染;其他分离株应通过静脉注射治疗。
用途:
-治疗易感性的大肠杆菌,肺炎克雷伯氏菌或奇异变形菌引起的复杂和简单的轻中度UTI
-治疗由易感染的大肠杆菌或肺炎克雷伯菌引起的复杂而简单的严重尿路感染
-肾盂肾炎的治疗
成人脑膜炎的常用剂量
IDSA,美国神经病学会(AAN),美国神经外科医师协会(AANS)和神经重症监护学会(NCS)建议:
每8小时静脉注射2克
-最大剂量:8克/天
治疗时间:
-奈瑟菌脑膜炎或流感嗜血杆菌:7天
-凝血酶阴性葡萄球菌或痤疮丙酸杆菌无/最小脑脊液(CSF)胞吞作用,CSF葡萄糖正常,很少出现症状/系统特征:10天
-凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌或痤疮伴有严重的CSF胞吞,金黄色葡萄球菌或GNB伴有/不伴有明显的CSF胞吞,CSF低糖血症或症状/全身特征:10至14天
-肺炎链球菌:10到14天
-无乳链球菌:14至21天
-有氧GNB:21天
-单核细胞增生性李斯特菌:至少21天
-经过适当抗菌治疗的CSF培养重复阳性:在最后一次阳性培养后继续治疗10至14天
用途:
-由铜绿假单胞菌引起的医疗相关心室炎和脑膜炎的标准治疗
-青霉素最低抑菌浓度(MIC)至少为0.12 mcg / mL,头孢噻肟/头孢曲松MIC小于1 mcg / mL的由肺炎链球菌引起的医疗保健相关的心室炎和脑膜炎的替代治疗
-β-内酰胺酶阴性H流感引起的医疗相关心室炎和脑膜炎的替代治疗
-ESBL GNB引起的医疗相关心室炎和脑膜炎的替代治疗
-由H流感或大肠杆菌引起的脑膜炎的替代性经验治疗
-对金黄色葡萄球菌,凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(尤其是表皮葡萄球菌),好氧GNB(例如铜绿假单胞菌)引起的穿透性头部外伤和化脓性脑膜炎的患者进行辅助经验治疗
-由有氧GNB(如铜绿假单胞菌),金黄色葡萄球菌和/或凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌,特别是表皮葡萄球菌引起的化脓性脑膜炎的神经外科手术后患者的辅助经验治疗
-对由凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(尤其是表皮葡萄球菌),金黄色葡萄球菌,有氧GNB(例如铜绿假单胞菌)和/或痤疮痤疮引起的脑脊液分流和化脓性脑膜炎的患者进行辅助经验治疗
-用0.1至1 mcg / mL的青霉素MIC替代治疗由肺炎链球菌引起的细菌性脑膜炎
-铜绿假单胞菌引起的细菌性脑膜炎的标准治疗
-β-内酰胺酶阴性或β-内酰胺酶阳性H流感引起的细菌性脑膜炎的替代治疗
脑膜炎的常规成人剂量-脑膜炎球菌
IDSA,美国神经病学会(AAN),美国神经外科医师协会(AANS)和神经重症监护学会(NCS)建议:
每8小时静脉注射2克
-最大剂量:8克/天
治疗时间:
-奈瑟菌脑膜炎或流感嗜血杆菌:7天
-凝血酶阴性葡萄球菌或痤疮丙酸杆菌无/最小脑脊液(CSF)胞吞作用,CSF葡萄糖正常,很少出现症状/系统特征:10天
-凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌或痤疮伴有严重的CSF胞吞,金黄色葡萄球菌或GNB伴有/不伴有明显的CSF胞吞,CSF低糖血症或症状/全身特征:10至14天
-肺炎链球菌:10到14天
-无乳链球菌:14至21天
-有氧GNB:21天
-单核细胞增生性李斯特菌:至少21天
-经过适当抗菌治疗的CSF培养重复阳性:在最后一次阳性培养后继续治疗10至14天
用途:
-由铜绿假单胞菌引起的医疗相关心室炎和脑膜炎的标准治疗
-青霉素最低抑菌浓度(MIC)至少为0.12 mcg / mL且头孢噻肟/头孢曲松MIC小于1 mcg / mL的由肺炎链球菌引起的医疗相关心室炎和脑膜炎的替代治疗
-β-内酰胺酶阴性H流感引起的医疗保健相关性心室炎和脑膜炎的替代治疗
-ESBL GNB引起的医疗相关心室炎和脑膜炎的替代治疗
-由H流感或大肠杆菌引起的脑膜炎的替代性经验治疗
-对金黄色葡萄球菌,凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(尤其是表皮葡萄球菌),好氧GNB(例如铜绿假单胞菌)引起的穿透性头部外伤和化脓性脑膜炎的患者进行辅助经验治疗
-由有氧GNB(如铜绿假单胞菌),金黄色葡萄球菌和/或凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌,特别是表皮葡萄球菌引起的化脓性脑膜炎的神经外科手术后患者的辅助经验治疗
-对由凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(特别是表皮葡萄球菌),金黄色葡萄球菌,好氧GNB(例如铜绿假单胞菌)和/或痤疮痤疮引起的脑脊液分流和化脓性脑膜炎的患者进行辅助经验治疗
-用0.1至1 mcg / mL的青霉素MIC替代治疗由肺炎链球菌引起的细菌性脑膜炎
-铜绿假单胞菌引起的细菌性脑膜炎的标准治疗
-β-内酰胺酶阴性或β-内酰胺酶阳性H流感引起的细菌性脑膜炎的替代治疗
脑膜炎的常规成人剂量-流感嗜血杆菌
IDSA,美国神经病学会(AAN),美国神经外科医师协会(AANS)和神经重症监护学会(NCS)建议:
每8小时静脉注射2克
-最大剂量:8克/天
治疗时间:
-奈瑟菌脑膜炎或流感嗜血杆菌:7天
-凝血酶阴性葡萄球菌或痤疮丙酸杆菌无/最小脑脊液(CSF)胞吞作用,CSF葡萄糖正常,很少出现症状/系统特征:10天
-凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌或痤疮伴有严重的CSF胞吞,金黄色葡萄球菌或GNB伴有/不伴有明显的CSF胞吞,CSF低糖血症或症状/全身特征:10至14天
-肺炎链球菌:10到14天
-无乳链球菌:14至21天
-有氧GNB:21天
-单核细胞增生性李斯特菌:至少21天
-经过适当抗菌治疗的CSF培养重复阳性:在最后一次阳性培养后继续治疗10至14天
用途:
-由铜绿假单胞菌引起的医疗相关心室炎和脑膜炎的标准治疗
-青霉素最低抑菌浓度(MIC)至少为0.12 mcg / mL且头孢噻肟/头孢曲松MIC小于1 mcg / mL的由肺炎链球菌引起的医疗相关心室炎和脑膜炎的替代治疗
-β-内酰胺酶阴性H流感引起的医疗相关心室炎和脑膜炎的替代治疗
-ESBL GNB引起的医疗相关心室炎和脑膜炎的替代治疗
-由H流感或大肠杆菌引起的脑膜炎的替代性经验治疗
-对金黄色葡萄球菌,凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(尤其是表皮葡萄球菌),好氧GNB(例如铜绿假单胞菌)引起的穿透性头部外伤和化脓性脑膜炎的患者进行辅助经验治疗
-由有氧GNB(如铜绿假单胞菌),金黄色葡萄球菌和/或凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌,尤其是表皮葡萄球菌引起的化脓性脑膜炎的神经外科手术后患者的辅助经验治疗
-对由凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(尤其是表皮葡萄球菌),金黄色葡萄球菌,有氧GNB(例如铜绿假单胞菌)和/或痤疮痤疮引起的脑脊液分流和化脓性脑膜炎的患者进行辅助经验治疗
-用0.1至1 mcg / mL的青霉素MIC替代治疗由肺炎链球菌引起的细菌性脑膜炎
-铜绿假单胞菌引起的细菌性脑膜炎的标准治疗
-β-内酰胺酶阴性或β-内酰胺酶阳性H流感引起的细菌性脑膜炎的替代治疗
脑膜炎的常规成人剂量-肺炎球菌
IDSA,美国神经病学会(AAN),美国神经外科医师协会(AANS)和神经重症监护学会(NCS)建议:
每8小时静脉注射2克
-最大剂量:8克/天
治疗时间:
-奈瑟菌脑膜炎或流感嗜血杆菌:7天
-凝血酶阴性葡萄球菌或痤疮丙酸杆菌无/最小脑脊液(CSF)胞吞作用,CSF葡萄糖正常,很少出现症状/系统特征:10天
-凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌或痤疮伴严重的CSF胞吞,金黄色葡萄球菌或GNB伴/不伴有明显的CSF胞吞,CSF低糖血症或症状/全身特征:10至14天
-肺炎链球菌:10到14天
-无乳链球菌:14至21天
-有氧GNB:21天
-单核细胞增生性李斯特菌:至少21天
-经过适当抗菌治疗的CSF培养重复阳性:在最后一次阳性培养后继续治疗10至14天
用途:
-由铜绿假单胞菌引起的医疗相关心室炎和脑膜炎的标准治疗
-青霉素最低抑菌浓度(MIC)至少为0.12 mcg / mL且头孢噻肟/头孢曲松MIC小于1 mcg / mL的由肺炎链球菌引起的医疗相关心室炎和脑膜炎的替代治疗
-β-内酰胺酶阴性H流感引起的医疗相关心室炎和脑膜炎的替代治疗
-ESBL GNB引起的医疗相关心室炎和脑膜炎的替代治疗
-由H流感或大肠杆菌引起的脑膜炎的替代性经验治疗
-对金黄色葡萄球菌,凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(尤其是表皮葡萄球菌),好氧GNB(例如铜绿假单胞菌)引起的穿透性头部外伤和化脓性脑膜炎的患者进行辅助经验治疗
-由有氧GNB(如铜绿假单胞菌),金黄色葡萄球菌和/或凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌,尤其是表皮葡萄球菌引起的化脓性脑膜炎的神经外科手术后患者的辅助经验治疗
-对由凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(尤其是表皮葡萄球菌),金黄色葡萄球菌,有氧GNB(例如铜绿假单胞菌)和/或痤疮痤疮引起的脑脊液分流和化脓性脑膜炎的患者进行辅助经验治疗
-用0.1至1 mcg / mL的青霉素MIC替代治疗由肺炎链球菌引起的细菌性脑膜炎
-铜绿假单胞菌引起的细菌性脑膜炎的标准治疗
-β-内酰胺酶阴性或β-内酰胺酶阳性H流感引起的细菌性脑膜炎的替代治疗
成人脑膜炎的剂量-李斯特菌病
IDSA,美国神经病学会(AAN),美国神经外科医师协会(AANS)和神经重症监护学会(NCS)建议:
每8小时静脉注射2克
-最大剂量:8克/天
治疗时间:
-奈瑟菌脑膜炎或流感嗜血杆菌:7天
-凝血酶阴性葡萄球菌或痤疮丙酸杆菌无/最小脑脊液(CSF)胞吞作用,CSF葡萄糖正常,很少出现症状/系统特征:10天
-凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌或痤疮伴有严重的CSF胞吞,金黄色葡萄球菌或GNB伴有/不伴有明显的CSF胞吞,CSF低糖血症或症状/全身特征:10至14天
-肺炎链球菌:10到14天
-无乳链球菌:14至21天
-有氧GNB:21天
-单核细胞增生性李斯特菌:至少21天
-经过适当抗菌治疗的CSF培养重复阳性:在最后一次阳性培养后继续治疗10至14天
用途:
-由铜绿假单胞菌引起的医疗相关心室炎和脑膜炎的标准治疗
-青霉素最低抑菌浓度(MIC)至少为0.12 mcg / mL且头孢噻肟/头孢曲松MIC小于1 mcg / mL的由肺炎链球菌引起的医疗相关心室炎和脑膜炎的替代治疗
-β-内酰胺酶阴性H流感引起的医疗相关心室炎和脑膜炎的替代治疗
-ESBL GNB引起的医疗相关心室炎和脑膜炎的替代治疗
-由H流感或大肠杆菌引起的脑膜炎的替代性经验治疗
-对金黄色葡萄球菌,凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(尤其是表皮葡萄球菌),好氧GNB(例如铜绿假单胞菌)引起的穿透性头部外伤和化脓性脑膜炎的患者进行辅助经验治疗
-由有氧GNB(如铜绿假单胞菌),金黄色葡萄球菌和/或凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌,特别是表皮葡萄球菌引起的化脓性脑膜炎的神经外科手术后患者的辅助经验治疗
-对由凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(尤其是表皮葡萄球菌),金黄色葡萄球菌,有氧GNB(例如铜绿假单胞菌)和/或痤疮痤疮引起的脑脊液分流和化脓性脑膜炎的患者进行辅助经验治疗
-用0.1至1 mcg / mL的青霉素MIC替代治疗由肺炎链球菌引起的细菌性脑膜炎
-铜绿假单胞菌引起的细菌性脑膜炎的标准治疗
-β-内酰胺酶阴性或β-内酰胺酶阳性H流感引起的细菌性脑膜炎的替代治疗
脑膜炎的成人剂量-链球菌B组
IDSA,美国神经病学会(AAN),美国神经外科医师协会(AANS)和神经重症监护学会(NCS)建议:
每8小时静脉注射2克
-最大剂量:8克/天
治疗时间:
-奈瑟菌脑膜炎或流感嗜血杆菌:7天
-凝血酶阴性葡萄球菌或痤疮丙酸杆菌无/最小脑脊液(CSF)胞吞作用,CSF葡萄糖正常,很少出现症状/系统特征:10天
-凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌或痤疮伴有严重的CSF胞吞,金黄色葡萄球菌或GNB伴有/不伴有明显的CSF胞吞,CSF低糖血症或症状/全身特征:10至14天
-肺炎链球菌:10到14天
-无乳链球菌:14至21天
-有氧GNB:21天
-单核细胞增生性李斯特菌:至少21天
-经过适当抗菌治疗的CSF培养重复阳性:在最后一次阳性培养后继续治疗10至14天
用途:
-由铜绿假单胞菌引起的医疗相关心室炎和脑膜炎的标准治疗
-青霉素最低抑菌浓度(MIC)至少为0.12 mcg / mL且头孢噻肟/头孢曲松MIC小于1 mcg / mL的由肺炎链球菌引起的医疗相关心室炎和脑膜炎的替代治疗
-β-内酰胺酶阴性H流感引起的医疗相关心室炎和脑膜炎的替代治疗
-ESBL GNB引起的医疗相关心室炎和脑膜炎的替代治疗
-由H流感或大肠杆菌引起的脑膜炎的替代性经验治疗
-对金黄色葡萄球菌,凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(尤其是表皮葡萄球菌),好氧GNB(例如铜绿假单胞菌)引起的穿透性头部外伤和化脓性脑膜炎的患者进行辅助经验治疗
-由有氧GNB(如铜绿假单胞菌),金黄色葡萄球菌和/或凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌,特别是表皮葡萄球菌引起的化脓性脑膜炎的神经外科手术后患者的辅助经验治疗
-对由凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(尤其是表皮葡萄球菌),金黄色葡萄球菌,有氧GNB(例如铜绿假单胞菌)和/或痤疮痤疮引起的脑脊液分流和化脓性脑膜炎的患者进行辅助经验治疗
-用0.1至1 mcg / mL的青霉素MIC替代治疗由肺炎链球菌引起的细菌性脑膜炎
-铜绿假单胞菌引起的细菌性脑膜炎的标准治疗
-β-内酰胺酶阴性或β-内酰胺酶阳性H流感引起的细菌性脑膜炎的替代治疗
成人关节感染的常用剂量
IDSA建议:
铜绿假单胞菌骨髓炎:每8至12小时静脉注射2克
肠杆菌科骨髓炎和人工关节感染:每12小时静脉注射2克
治疗时间:
-严重的仅软组织的糖尿病足感染:2-4周
-残余感染但可行的糖尿病足感染中的骨骼:4至6周
-骨髓炎和人工关节感染:6周
-糖尿病足感染中无手术或术后残留死骨:3个月或更长时间
评论:
-患有糖尿病足感染的患者应从肠胃外治疗开始,并在可能的情况下改用口服制剂。
-严重的糖尿病足感染患者应考虑完全厌氧菌覆盖。
用途:
-肠杆菌科物种引起的天然椎体骨髓炎的首选治疗
铜绿假单胞菌引起的天然椎体骨髓炎的首选治疗
铜绿假单胞菌引起的假体关节感染的首选治疗
-肠杆菌种引起的假体关节感染的首选治疗
-由MRSA,肠杆菌科,假单胞菌和/或专性厌氧菌引起的中度或重度糖尿病足感染的辅助经验治疗(万古霉素)
骨髓炎通常的成人剂量
IDSA建议:
铜绿假单胞菌骨髓炎:每8至12小时静脉注射2克
肠杆菌科骨髓炎和人工关节感染:每12小时静脉注射2克
治疗时间:
-严重的仅软组织的糖尿病足感染:2-4周
-残余感染但可行的糖尿病足感染中的骨骼:4至6周
-骨髓炎和人工关节感染:6周
-糖尿病足感染中无手术或术后残留死骨:3个月或更长时间
评论:
-患有糖尿病足感染的患者应从肠胃外治疗开始,并在可能的情况下改用口服制剂。
-严重的糖尿病足感染患者应考虑完全厌氧菌覆盖。
用途:
-肠杆菌科物种引起的天然椎体骨髓炎的首选治疗
铜绿假单胞菌引起的天然椎体骨髓炎的首选治疗
铜绿假单胞菌引起的假体关节感染的首选治疗
-肠杆菌种引起的假体关节感染的首选治疗
-由MRSA,肠杆菌科,假单胞菌和/或专性厌氧菌引起的中度或重度糖尿病足感染的辅助经验治疗(万古霉素)
成人心内膜炎的常用剂量
美国心脏协会(AHA)和IDSA建议:
早期培养阴性的心内膜炎:每天两次3克,每次2克,静脉内加万古霉素,庆大霉素和利福平
-最大剂量:6克/天
-治疗时间:至少6周
评论:庆大霉素应加到肠球菌感染的患者中。
用途:
-社区获得性天然瓣膜或晚期人工瓣膜(手术后1年以上)心内膜炎的经验性替代疗法(使用庆大霉素)
-经验性治疗与血管套管或早期人工瓣膜心内膜炎相关的医院内膜炎(术后一年或更短时间)
经验性治疗肠内GNB相关的医院内膜炎
-早期治疗,培养阴性,人工瓣膜心内膜炎的经验治疗
成人腹膜炎的常用剂量
国际腹膜透析学会(ISPD)建议:
间歇性(每天1次交换):每天一次腹膜内1000 mg
连续(所有交流) :
-加载剂量:250至500毫克/升
-维持剂量:100至125 mg / L
治疗时间:3周
评论:
-建议使用间歇剂量,并且应至少放置6小时。
-应避免延长疗程。
用途:辅助治疗由铜绿假单胞菌引起的腹膜炎
常用的小儿细菌血症剂量
经验性发热性中性粒细胞减少症的治疗:
2个月至16年,最高40公斤:每8小时30分钟静脉注射50毫克/公斤
-最大剂量:2克/剂量
16至18年:每8小时30分钟静脉注射2克
治疗时间:7天或直至中性白细胞减少
细菌血症:
16岁以上:
-与菌血症相关的肺炎:每8到12小时经30分钟静脉注射1到2克
-与菌血症相关的轻度至中度UTI:每12小时30分钟内通过静脉注射0.5至1克
-与菌血症相关的严重UTI:每12小时30分钟静脉注射2克
治疗时间:
-肺炎:10天
-中度UTI:7至10天
-严重的UTI:10天
评论:
-对于发烧缓解但中性粒细胞减少超过7天的患者,应经常重新评估对抗生素治疗的持续需求。
-对于有严重感染风险的高危患者(例如,有近期骨髓移植史,就诊时低血压,潜在血液恶性肿瘤,严重/长期中性粒细胞减少症的患者),使用该药物可能不合适。
用途:
-单药治疗高热性中性粒细胞减少症
-中,重度肺炎的治疗,以及由易感染的肺炎链球菌,铜绿假单胞菌,肺炎克雷伯菌或肠杆菌属引起的菌血症
-治疗易感性的大肠杆菌,肺炎克雷伯氏菌或奇异菌分离物引起的复杂,不复杂的轻度至中度尿路感染和并发菌血症
-治疗易感性大肠杆菌或肺炎克雷伯菌引起的复杂,不复杂的严重尿路感染和并发菌血症
IDSA :
14天及以下的新生儿:每12小时静脉注射30 mg / kg
14天以上的婴儿:每12小时静脉输注50 mg / kg
40公斤及以下的儿童:每12小时静脉注射50毫克/公斤
评论:
-可以在有或没有氨基糖苷的情况下给予优选的治疗。
-未为2周至2个月大的患者提供剂量建议。
用途:
-铜绿假单胞菌引起的静脉导管相关性血液感染的辅助首选治疗
-肠杆菌属和粘质沙门氏菌引起的与静脉导管相关的血液感染的替代治疗
发热性中性粒细胞减少症的常规儿科剂量
经验性发热性中性粒细胞减少症的治疗:
2个月至16年,最高40公斤:每8小时30分钟静脉注射50毫克/公斤
-最大剂量:2克/剂量
16至18年:每8小时30分钟静脉注射2克
治疗时间:7天或直至中性白细胞减少
细菌血症:
16岁以上:
-与菌血症相关的肺炎:每8到12小时经30分钟静脉注射1到2克
-与菌血症相关的轻度至中度UTI:每12小时30分钟内通过静脉注射0.5至1克
-与菌血症相关的严重UTI:每12小时30分钟静脉注射2克
治疗时间:
-肺炎:10天
-中度UTI:7至10天
-严重的UTI:10天
评论:
-对于发烧缓解但中性粒细胞减少超过7天的患者,应经常重新评估对抗生素治疗的持续需求。
-对于有严重感染风险的高危患者(例如,有近期骨髓移植史,就诊时低血压,潜在的血液系统恶性肿瘤,严重/长期中性粒细胞减少症的患者),使用该药物可能不合适。
用途:
-单药治疗高热性中性粒细胞减少症
-中,重度肺炎的治疗,以及由易感染的肺炎链球菌,铜绿假单胞菌,肺炎克雷伯菌或肠杆菌属引起的菌血症
-治疗易感性的大肠杆菌,肺炎克雷伯氏菌或奇异菌分离物引起的复杂,不复杂的轻度至中度尿路感染和并发菌血症
-治疗易感性大肠杆菌或肺炎克雷伯菌引起的复杂,不复杂的严重尿路感染和并发菌血症
IDSA :
14天及以下的新生儿:每12小时静脉注射30 mg / kg
14天以上的婴儿:每12小时静脉输注50 mg / kg
40公斤及以下的儿童:每12小时静脉注射50毫克/公斤
评论:
-可以在有或没有氨基糖苷的情况下给予优选的治疗。
-未为2周至2个月大的患者提供剂量建议。
用途:
-Adjunctive preferred treatment of IV catheter-related bloodstream infections caused by P aeruginosa
-Alternative treatment of IV catheter-related bloodstream infections caused by Enterobacter species and S marcescens
细菌感染的常用儿科剂量
Empiric febrile neutropenia treatment :
2 months to 16 years up to 40 kg: 50 mg/kg via IV injection over 30 minutes every 8 hours
-Maximum dose: 2 grams/dose
16 to 18 years: 2 grams via IV injection over 30 minutes every 8 hours
Duration of therapy: 7 days OR until resolution of neutropenia
Bacteremia :
16岁以上:
-Pneumonia associated with bacteremia: 1 to 2 grams via IV injection over 30 minutes every 8 to 12 hours
-Mild to moderate UTIs associated with bacteremia: 0.5 to 1 gram via IV injection over 30 minutes every 12 hours
-Severe UTIs associated with bacteremia: 2 grams via IV injection over 30 minutes every 12 hours
治疗时间:
-Pneumonia: 10 days
-Mild to moderate UTIs: 7 to 10 days
-Severe UTIs: 10 days
评论:
-The continued need for antibiotic treatment should be frequently reassessed in patients whose fever resolves but remain neutropenic for longer than 7 days.
-Use may be inappropriate in patients at high risk for severe infection (eg, patients with a history of recent bone marrow transplantation, hypotension at presentation, underlying hematologic malignancy, with severe/prolonged neutropenia).
用途:
-Monotherapy for empiric treatment of febrile neutropenia
-Treatment of moderate to severe pneumonia and concurrent bacteremia caused by susceptible strains of S pneumoniae, P aeruginosa, K pneumoniae, or Enterobacter species
-Treatment of complicated and uncomplicated mild to moderate urinary tract infections and concurrent bacteremia caused by susceptible isolates of E coli, K pneumoniae, or P mirabilis
-Treatment of complicated and uncomplicated severe urinary tract infections and concurrent bacteremia caused by susceptible isolates of E coli or K pneumoniae
IDSA :
Neonates 14 days and younger: 30 mg/kg IV every 12 hours
Infants older than 14 days: 50 mg/kg IV every 12 hours
Children 40 kg and less: 50 mg/kg IV every 12 hours
评论:
-Preferred treatments may be given with or without aminoglycosides.
-Dosing recommendations were not provided for patients 2 weeks to 2 months of age.
用途:
-Adjunctive preferred treatment of IV catheter-related bloodstream infections caused by P aeruginosa
-Alternative treatment of IV catheter-related bloodstream infections caused by Enterobacter species and S marcescens
Usual Pediatric Dose for Intraabdominal Infection
2 months to 16 years up to 40 kg :
Uncomplicated/complicated UTIs, uncomplicated skin and skin structure infections, and pneumonia: 50 mg/kg via IV injection over 30 minutes every 12 hours
-Maximum dose: 2 grams/dose
Moderate to severe pneumonia due to P aeruginosa: 50 mg/kg via IV injection over 30 minutes every 8 hours
-Maximum dose: 2 grams/dose
16 and older :
-Complicated intraabdominal infections OR moderate to severe pneumonia: 1 to 2 grams via IV injection over 30 minutes every 8 to 12 hours
-Intraabdominal infections OR pneumonia caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa: 2 grams via IV injection over 30 minutes every 8 hours
治疗时间:
-Abdominal infections OR mild to moderate UTIs: 7 to 10 days
-Severe UTIs or pneumonia: 10 days
Comment: Mild to moderate uncomplicated and complicated UTIs caused by E coli may be treated via IM administration; other isolates should be treated via IV administration.
用途:
-Treatment of complicated and uncomplicated mild to moderate UTIs caused by susceptible isolates of E coli, K pneumoniae, or P mirabilis
-Treatment of complicated and uncomplicated severe urinary tract infections caused by susceptible isolates of E coli or K pneumoniae
-Treatment of pyelonephritis
-Treatment of uncomplicated skin and skin structure infections caused by S aureus (only methicillin susceptible isolates) or S pyogenes
-Treatment of moderate to severe uncomplicated skin and skin structure infections caused by MSSA or S pyogenes
-Treatment of moderate to severe pneumonia caused by susceptible strains of Enterobacter species, K pneumoniae, P aeruginosa, or S pneumoniae
SIS and IDSA Recommendations :
Initial dose: 50 mg/kg IV every 12 hours PLUS metronidazole
Comment: Maintenance doses should be based on adjusted body weight and serum drug concentrations.
Use: Empiric combination treatment of complicated extra-biliary community-acquired intraabdominal infections in patients with severe physiologic disturbance, advanced age, or immunocompromised stage caused by ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae or P aeruginosa, or GNB less than 20% resistant to this drug and metronidazole
肺炎的常规儿科剂量
2 months to 16 years up to 40 kg :
Uncomplicated/complicated UTIs, uncomplicated skin and skin structure infections, and pneumonia: 50 mg/kg via IV injection over 30 minutes every 12 hours
-Maximum dose: 2 grams/dose
Moderate to severe pneumonia due to P aeruginosa: 50 mg/kg via IV injection over 30 minutes every 8 hours
-Maximum dose: 2 grams/dose
16 and older :
-Complicated intraabdominal infections OR moderate to severe pneumonia: 1 to 2 grams via IV injection over 30 minutes every 8 to 12 hours
-Intraabdominal infections OR pneumonia caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa: 2 grams via IV injection over 30 minutes every 8 hours
治疗时间:
-Abdominal infections OR mild to moderate UTIs: 7 to 10 days
-Severe UTIs or pneumonia: 10 days
Comment: Mild to moderate uncomplicated and complicated UTIs caused by E coli may be treated via IM administration; other isolates should be treated via IV administration.
用途:
-Treatment of complicated and uncomplicated mild to moderate UTIs caused by susceptible isolates of E coli, K pneumoniae, or P mirabilis
-Treatment of complicated and uncomplicated severe urinary tract infections caused by susceptible isolates of E coli or K pneumoniae
-Treatment of pyelonephritis
-Treatment of uncomplicated skin and skin structure infections caused by S aureus (only methicillin susceptible isolates) or S pyogenes
-Treatment of moderate to severe uncomplicated skin and skin structure infections caused by MSSA or S pyogenes
-Treatment of moderate to severe pneumonia caused by susceptible strains of Enterobacter species, K pneumoniae, P aeruginosa, or S pneumoniae
SIS and IDSA Recommendations :
Initial dose: 50 mg/kg IV every 12 hours PLUS metronidazole
Comment: Maintenance doses should be based on adjusted body weight and serum drug concentrations.
Use: Empiric combination treatment of complicated extra-biliary community-acquired intraabdominal infections in patients with severe physiologic disturbance, advanced age, or immunocompromised stage caused by ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae or P aeruginosa, or GNB less than 20% resistant to this drug and metronidazole
肾盂肾炎的常用儿科剂量
2 months to 16 years up to 40 kg :
Uncomplicated/complicated UTIs, uncomplicated skin and skin structure infections, and pneumonia: 50 mg/kg via IV injection over 30 minutes every 12 hours
-Maximum dose: 2 grams/dose
Moderate to severe pneumonia due to P aeruginosa: 50 mg/kg via IV injection over 30 minutes every 8 hours
-Maximum dose: 2 grams/dose
16 and older :
-Complicated intraabdominal infections OR moderate to severe pneumonia: 1 to 2 grams via IV injection over 30 minutes every 8 to 12 hours
-Intraabdominal infections OR pneumonia caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa: 2 grams via IV injection over 30 minutes every 8 hours
治疗时间:
-Abdominal infections OR mild to moderate UTIs: 7 to 10 days
-Severe UTIs or pneumonia: 10 days
Comment: Mild to moderate uncomplicated and complicated UTIs caused by E coli may be treated via IM administration; other isolates should be treated via IV administration.
用途:
-Treatment of complicated and uncomplicated mild to moderate UTIs caused by susceptible isolates of E coli, K pneumoniae, or P mirabilis
-Treatment of complicated and uncomplicated severe urinary tract infections caused by susceptible isolates of E coli or K pneumoniae
-Treatment of pyelonephritis
-Treatment of uncomplicated skin and skin structure infections caused by S aureus (only methicillin susceptible isolates) or S pyogenes
-Treatment of moderate to severe uncomplicated skin and skin structure infections caused by MSSA or S pyogenes
-Treatment of moderate to severe pneumonia caused by susceptible strains of Enterobacter species, K pneumoniae, P aeruginosa, or S pneumoniae
SIS and IDSA Recommendations :
Initial dose: 50 mg/kg IV every 12 hours PLUS metronidazole
Comment: Maintenance doses should be based on adjusted body weight and serum drug concentrations.
Use: Empiric combination treatment of complicated extra-biliary community-acquired intraabdominal infections in patients with severe physiologic disturbance, advanced age, or immunocompromised stage caused by ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae or P aeruginosa, or GNB less than 20% resistant to this drug and metronidazole
尿路感染的常用儿科剂量
2 months to 16 years up to 40 kg :
Uncomplicated/complicated UTIs, uncomplicated skin and skin structure infections, and pneumonia: 50 mg/kg via IV injection over 30 minutes every 12 hours
-Maximum dose: 2 grams/dose
Moderate to severe pneumonia due to P aeruginosa: 50 mg/kg via IV injection over 30 minutes every 8 hours
-Maximum dose: 2 grams/dose
16 and older :
-Complicated intraabdominal infections OR moderate to severe pneumonia: 1 to 2 grams via IV injection over 30 minutes every 8 to 12 hours
-Intraabdominal infections OR pneumonia caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa: 2 grams via IV injection over 30 minutes every 8 hours
治疗时间:
-Abdominal infections OR mild to moderate UTIs: 7 to 10 days
-Severe UTIs or pneumonia: 10 days
Comment: Mild to moderate uncomplicated and complicated UTIs caused by E coli may be treated via IM administration; other isolates should be treated via IV administration.
用途:
-Treatment of complicated and uncomplicated mild to moderate UTIs caused by susceptible isolates of E coli, K pneumoniae, or P mirabilis
-Treatment of complicated and uncomplicated severe urinary tract infections caused by susceptible isolates of E coli or K pneumoniae
-Treatment of pyelonephritis
-Treatment of uncomplicated skin and skin structure infections caused by S aureus (only methicillin susceptible isolates) or S pyogenes
-Treatment of moderate to severe uncomplicated skin and skin structure infections caused by MSSA or S pyogenes
-Treatment of moderate to severe pneumonia caused by susceptible strains of Enterobacter species, K pneumoniae, P aeruginosa, or S pneumoniae
SIS and IDSA Recommendations :
Initial dose: 50 mg/kg IV every 12 hours PLUS metronidazole
Comment: Maintenance doses should be based on adjusted body weight and serum drug concentrations.
Use: Empiric combination treatment of complicated extra-biliary community-acquired intraabdominal infections in patients with severe physiologic disturbance, advanced age, or immunocompromised stage caused by ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae or P aeruginosa, or GNB less than 20% resistant to this drug and metronidazole
皮肤和结构感染的常用儿科剂量
2 months to 16 years up to 40 kg :
Uncomplicated/complicated UTIs, uncomplicated skin and skin structure infections, and pneumonia: 50 mg/kg via IV injection over 30 minutes every 12 hours
-Maximum dose: 2 grams/dose
Moderate to severe pneumonia due to P aeruginosa: 50 mg/kg via IV injection over 30 minutes every 8 hours
-Maximum dose: 2 grams/dose
16 and older :
-Complicated intraabdominal infections OR moderate to severe pneumonia: 1 to 2 grams via IV injection over 30 minutes every 8 to 12 hours
-Intraabdominal infections OR pneumonia caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa: 2 grams via IV injection over 30 minutes every 8 hours
治疗时间:
-Abdominal infections OR mild to moderate UTIs: 7 to 10 days
-Severe UTIs or pneumonia: 10 days
Comment: Mild to moderate uncomplicated and complicated UTIs caused by E coli may be treated via IM administration; other isolates should be treated via IV administration.
用途:
-Treatment of complicated and uncomplicated mild to moderate UTIs caused by susceptible isolates of E coli, K pneumoniae, or P mirabilis
-Treatment of complicated and uncomplicated severe urinary tract infections caused by susceptible isolates of E coli or K pneumoniae
-Treatment of pyelonephritis
-Treatment of uncomplicated skin and skin structure infections caused by S aureus (only methicillin susceptible isolates) or S pyogenes
-Treatment of moderate to severe uncomplicated skin and skin structure infections caused by MSSA or S pyogenes
-Treatment of moderate to severe pneumonia caused by susceptible strains of Enterobacter species, K pneumoniae, P aeruginosa, or S pneumoniae
SIS and IDSA Recommendations :
Initial dose: 50 mg/kg IV every 12 hours PLUS metronidazole
Comment: Maintenance doses should be based on adjusted body weight and serum drug concentrations.
Use: Empiric combination treatment of complicated extra-biliary community-acquired intraabdominal infections in patients with severe physiologic disturbance, advanced age, or immunocompromised stage caused by ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae or P aeruginosa, or GNB less than 20% resistant to this drug and metronidazole
Usual Pediatric Dose for Meningitis
IDSA, AAN, AANS, and NCS Recommendations :
50 mg/kg IV every 8 hours
治疗时间:
-N meningitis or H influenzae: 7 days
-Coagulase-negative staphylococcus or P acnes with no/minimal CSF pleocytosis, normal CSF glucose, few symptoms/systemic features: 10 days
-Coagulase-negative staphylococcus or P acnes with significant CSF pleocytosis, S aureus or GNB with/without significant CSF pleocytosis, CSF hypengyophobically, or symptoms/systemic features: 10 to 14 days
-S pneumoniae: 10 to 14 days
-S agalactiae: 14 to 21 days
-Aerobic GNB: 21 days
-L monocytogenes: At least 21 days
-Repeatedly positive CSF cultures on appropriate antimicrobial treatment: Continue treatment for 10 to 14 days after the last positive culture
评论:
-Neonates weighing less than 2000 grams may require lower doses and/or longer dosage intervals.
-The duration of treatment in neonates should be 2 weeks beyond the first sterile CSF culture OR at least 3 weeks of treatment, whichever is longer.
用途:
-Standard treatment of healthcare-associated ventriculitis and meningitis caused by P aeruginosa
-Alternative treatment of healthcare-associated ventriculitis and meningitis caused by S pneumoniae with a penicillin MIC at least 0.12 mcg/mL AND a cefotaxime/ceftriaxone MIC less than 1 mcg/mL
-Alternative treatment of healthcare-associated ventriculitis and meningitis caused by beta-lactamase negative H influenzae
-Alternative treatment of healthcare-associated ventriculitis and meningitis caused by ESBL GNB
Usual Pediatric Dose for Meningitis - Meningococcal
IDSA, AAN, AANS, and NCS Recommendations :
50 mg/kg IV every 8 hours
治疗时间:
-N meningitis or H influenzae: 7 days
-Coagulase-negative staphylococcus or P acnes with no/minimal CSF pleocytosis, normal CSF glucose, few symptoms/systemic features: 10 days
-Coagulase-negative staphylococcus or P acnes with significant CSF pleocytosis, S aureus or GNB with/without significant CSF pleocytosis, CSF hypengyophobically, or symptoms/systemic features: 10 to 14 days
-S pneumoniae: 10 to 14 days
-S agalactiae: 14 to 21 days
-Aerobic GNB: 21 days
-L monocytogenes: At least 21 days
-Repeatedly positive CSF cultures on appropriate antimicrobial treatment: Continue treatment for 10 to 14 days after the last positive culture
评论:
-Neonates weighing less than 2000 grams may require lower doses and/or longer dosage intervals.
-The duration of treatment in neonates should be 2 weeks beyond the first sterile CSF culture OR at least 3 weeks of treatment, whichever is longer.
用途:
-Standard treatment of healthcare-associated ventriculitis and meningitis caused by P aeruginosa
-Alternative treatment of healthcare-associated ventriculitis and meningitis caused by S pneumoniae with a penicillin MIC at least 0.12 mcg/mL AND a cefotaxime/ceftriaxone MIC less than 1 mcg/mL
-Alternative treatment of healthcare-associated ventriculitis and meningitis caused by beta-lactamase negative H influenzae
-Alternative treatment of healthcare-associated ventriculitis and meningitis caused by ESBL GNB
Usual Pediatric Dose for Meningitis - Haemophilus influenzae
IDSA, AAN, AANS, and NCS Recommendations :
50 mg/kg IV every 8 hours
治疗时间:
-N meningitis or H influenzae: 7 days
-Coagulase-negative staphylococcus or P acnes with no/minimal CSF pleocytosis, normal CSF glucose, few symptoms/systemic features: 10 days
-Coagulase-negative staphylococcus or P acnes with significant CSF pleocytosis, S aureus or GNB with/without significant CSF pleocytosis, CSF hypengyophobically, or symptoms/systemic features: 10 to 14 days
-S pneumoniae: 10 to 14 days
-S agalactiae: 14 to 21 days
-Aerobic GNB: 21 days
-L monocytogenes: At least 21 days
-Repeatedly positive CSF cultures on appropriate antimicrobial treatment: Continue treatment for 10 to 14 days after the last positive culture
评论:
-Neonates weighing less than 2000 grams may require lower doses and/or longer dosage intervals.
-The duration of treatment in neonates should be 2 weeks beyond the first sterile CSF culture OR at least 3 weeks of treatment, whichever is longer.
用途:
-Standard treatment of healthcare-associated ventriculitis and meningitis caused by P aeruginosa
-Alternative treatment of healthcare-associated ventriculitis and meningitis caused by S pneumoniae with a penicillin MIC at least 0.12 mcg/mL AND a cefotaxime/ceftriaxone MIC less than 1 mcg/mL
-Alternative treatment of healthcare-associated ventriculitis and meningitis caused by beta-lactamase negative H influenzae
-Alternative treatment of healthcare-associated ventriculitis and meningitis caused by ESBL GNB
Usual Pediatric Dose for Meningitis - Pneumococcal
IDSA, AAN, AANS, and NCS Recommendations :
50 mg/kg IV every 8 hours
治疗时间:
-N meningitis or H influenzae: 7 days
-Coagulase-negative staphylococcus or P acnes with no/minimal CSF pleocytosis, normal CSF glucose, few symptoms/systemic features: 10 days
-Coagulase-negative staphylococcus or P acnes with significant CSF pleocytosis, S aureus or GNB with/without significant CSF pleocytosis, CSF hypengyophobically, or symptoms/systemic features: 10 to 14 days
-S pneumoniae: 10 to 14 days
-S agalactiae: 14 to 21 days
-Aerobic GNB: 21 days
-L monocytogenes: At least 21 days
-Repeatedly positive CSF cultures on appropriate antimicrobial treatment: Continue treatment for 10 to 14 days after the last positive culture
评论:
-Neonates weighing less than 2000 grams may require lower doses and/or longer dosage intervals.
-The duration of treatment in neonates should be 2 weeks beyond the first sterile CSF culture OR at least 3 weeks of treatment, whichever is longer.
用途:
-Standard treatment of healthcare-associated ventriculitis and meningitis caused by P aeruginosa
-Alternative treatment of healthcare-associated ventriculitis and meningitis caused by S pneumoniae with a penicillin MIC at least 0.12 mcg/mL AND a cefotaxime/ceftriaxone MIC less than 1 mcg/mL
-Alternative treatment of healthcare-associated ventriculitis and meningitis caused by beta-lactamase negative H influenzae
-Alternative treatment of healthcare-associated ventriculitis and meningitis caused by ESBL GNB
Usual Pediatric Dose for Meningitis - Listeriosis
IDSA, AAN, AANS, and NCS Recommendations :
50 mg/kg IV every 8 hours
治疗时间:
-N meningitis or H influenzae: 7 days
-Coagulase-negative staphylococcus or P acnes with no/minimal CSF pleocytosis, normal CSF glucose, few symptoms/systemic features: 10 days
-Coagulase-negative staphylococcus or P acnes with significant CSF pleocytosis, S aureus or GNB with/without significant CSF pleocytosis, CSF hypengyophobically, or symptoms/systemic features: 10 to 14 days
-S pneumoniae: 10 to 14 days
-S agalactiae: 14 to 21 days
-Aerobic GNB: 21 days
-L monocytogenes: At least 21 days
-Repeatedly positive CSF cultures on appropriate antimicrobial treatment: Continue treatment for 10 to 14 days after the last positive culture
评论:
-Neonates weighing less than 2000 grams may require lower doses and/or longer dosage intervals.
-The duration of treatment in neonates should be 2 weeks beyond the first sterile CSF culture OR at least 3 weeks of treatment, whichever is longer.
用途:
-Standard treatment of healthcare-associated ventriculitis and meningitis caused by P aeruginosa
-Alternative treatment of healthcare-associated ventriculitis and meningitis caused by S pneumoniae with a penicillin MIC at least 0.12 mcg/mL AND a cefotaxime/ceftriaxone MIC less than 1 mcg/mL
-Alternative treatment of healthcare-associated ventriculitis and meningitis caused by beta-lactamase negative H influenzae
-Alternative treatment of healthcare-associated ventriculitis and meningitis caused by ESBL GNB
Usual Pediatric Dose for Meningitis - Streptococcus Group B
IDSA, AAN, AANS, and NCS Recommendations :
50 mg/kg IV every 8 hours
治疗时间:
-N meningitis or H influenzae: 7 days
-Coagulase-negative staphylococcus or P acnes with no/minimal CSF pleocytosis, normal CSF glucose, few symptoms/systemic features: 10 days
-Coagulase-negative staphylococcus or P acnes with significant CSF pleocytosis, S aureus or GNB with/without significant CSF pleocytosis, CSF hypengyophobically, or symptoms/systemic features: 10 to 14 days
-S pneumoniae: 10 to 14 days
-S agalactiae: 14 to 21 days
-Aerobic GNB: 21 days
-L monocytogenes: At least 21 days
-Repeatedly positive CSF cultures on appropriate antimicrobial treatment: Continue treatment for 10 to 14 days after the last positive culture
评论:
-Neonates weighing less than 2000 grams may require lower doses and/or longer dosage intervals.
-The duration of treatment in neonates should be 2 weeks beyond the first sterile CSF culture OR at least 3 weeks of treatment, whichever is longer.
用途:
-Standard treatment of healthcare-associated ventriculitis and meningitis caused by P aeruginosa
-Alternative treatment of healthcare-associated ventriculitis and meningitis caused by S pneumoniae with a penicillin MIC at least 0.12 mcg/mL AND a cefotaxime/ceftriaxone MIC less than 1 mcg/mL
-Alternative treatment of healthcare-associated ventriculitis and meningitis caused by beta-lactamase negative H influenzae
-Alternative treatment of healthcare-associated ventriculitis and meningitis caused by ESBL GNB
Usual Pediatric Dose for Peritonitis
ISPD Recommendations :
Continuous peritoneal dialysis :
-Loading dose: 500 mg/L
-Maintenance dose: 125 mg/L
Intermittent peritoneal dialysis: 15 mg/kg intraperitoneally once a day
治疗时间:
-Coagulase-negative staphylococci OR Streptococcus species: 2 weeks
-E coli OR Klebsiella species: 2 weeks
-E coli OR Klebsiella species resistant to third-generation cephalosporins: 3 weeks
-Acinetobacter species: 2 to 3 weeks
-Enterobacter, Citrobacter, Serratia, and Proteus species: At least 2 to 3 weeks
-MSSA: 3 weeks
-Pseudomonas species: 3 weeks
评论:
-Continuous: Loading doses should be allowed to dwell for at least 3 to 6 hours.
-Intermittent: Doses should be administered via the long-dwell (unless otherwise specified) and be allowed to dwell for at least 6 hours.
-If initial cultures remain sterile at 72 hours and signs/symptoms of peritonitis improve, treatment may continue for 2 weeks.
-Prolonged courses of treatment should be avoided.
用途:
-Preferred empiric treatment of peritonitis caused by gram-positive bacteria
-Adjunctive treatment (with an aminoglycoside) of peritonitis caused by S aureus with resistance rates to methicillin or oxacillin exceeding 10% OR in patients with a history of MRSA
-Treatment of peritonitis caused by susceptible gram-negative bacteria (eg, E coli, Proteus species, or Klebsiella species)
-Adjunctive treatment of peritonitis caused by P aeruginosa
心内膜炎的常用儿科剂量
AHA建议:
Early, culture-negative endocarditis: 150 mg/kg per day, given in divided doses 3 times per day PLUS vancomycin, gentamicin, AND rifampin
Nosocomial endocarditis: 100 to 150 mg/kg IV per day, given in divided doses every 8 to 12 hours
-Maximum dose: 6 grams/day
Duration of therapy: At least 6 weeks
Comment: Gentamicin should be added to patients with enterococci infections.
用途:
-Empiric alternative treatment (with gentamicin) of community-acquired native valve or late prosthetic valve (over 1 year after surgery) endocarditis
-Empiric treatment of nosocomial endocarditis associated with vascular cannula or early prosthetic valve endocarditis (1 year or less after surgery)
-Adjunctive empiric treatment of nosocomial endocarditis associated with gram-negative enteric bacilli
-Empiric treatment in early, culture-negative, prosthetic valve endocarditis
-Alternative treatment for streptococcal infections highly susceptible to penicillin G (eg, groups A, B, C, G nonenterococcal, group D streptococci) and streptococci relatively resistant to penicillin (eg, enterococci, less-susceptible VGS)
-Alternative treatment for endocarditis caused by S aureus or coagulase-negative staphylococci susceptible or resistant to penicillin G and/or oxacillin in patients highly allergic to beta-lactam antibiotics
肾脏剂量调整
Pediatric patients: Dose adjustment(s) may be required;但是,没有建议任何具体的准则。 The manufacturer recommends dosage regimen changes proportional to those in adults.
成人:
初始剂量:
-Patients with renal dysfunction and not undergoing hemodialysis: No adjustment recommended.
维持剂量:
Mild infections :
-CrCl greater than 60 mL/min: 500 mg IV every 12 hours
-CrCl 30 to 60 mL/min: 500 mg IV every 24 hours
-CrCl 11 to 29 mL/min: 500 mg IV every 24 hours
-CrCl less than 11 mL/min: 250 mg IV every 24 hours
Moderate infections :
-CrCl greater than 60 mL/min: 1 gram IV every 12 hours
-CrCl 30 to 60 mL/min: 1 gram IV every 24 hours
-CrCl 11 to 29 mL/min: 500 mg IV every 24 hours
-CrCl less than 11 mL/min: 250 mg IV every 24 hours
Severe infections :
-CrCl greater than 60 mL/min: 2 grams IV every 12 hours
-CrCl 30 to 60 mL/min: 2 grams IV every 24 hours
-CrCl 11 to 29 mL/min: 1 gram IV every 24 hours
-CrCl less than 11 mL/min: 500 mg IV every 24 hours
Life-threatening infections :
-CrCl greater than 60 mL/min: 2 grams IV every 8 hours
-CrCl 30 to 60 mL/min: 2 grams IV every 12 hours
-CrCl 11 to 29 mL/min: 2 grams IV every 24 hours
-CrCl less than 11 mL/min: 1 gram IV every 24 hours
肝剂量调整
不建议调整。
预防措施
禁忌症:
-Immediate hypersensitivity to the active component, cephalosporin antibiotics, other beta-lactam antibiotics, penicillins, or to any of the ingredients
-Patients with a known allergy to corn/corn products should not take injection solutions containing dextrose
Safety and efficacy have not been established in patients younger than 2 months.
有关其他注意事项,请参阅“警告”部分。
透析
Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) :
-Mild infection: 500 mg IV every 48 hours
-Moderate infection: 1 gram IV every 48 hours
-Severe/life-threatening infection: 2 grams IV every 48 hours
Hemodialysis :
Loading dose: 1 gram IV ONCE
维持剂量:
-Febrile neutropenia: 1 gram IV every 24 hours
-All other infections: 500 mg IV every 24 hours
评论:
-Maintenance doses for patients receiving hemodialysis should be given following hemodialysis.
-When possible, doses should be given at the same time each day.
其他的建议
行政建议:
-Once prepared, this drug should be administered immediately or as soon as possible after reconstitution.
-IM: This drug should be injected deep into the body of a large muscle.
-IV: This drug should be infused over at least 30 minutes.
储存要求:
-避光。
-应咨询制造商的产品信息。
重构/准备技术:
-IM: Providers may constitute this drug with 0.5% or 1% lidocaine (lignocaine); however, this drug usually causes little to no pain with IM administration.
IV compatibility :
-Compatible diluents and IV solutions: Dextrose 5% injection; glucose 5% and lactated Ringer's injection;