文拉法辛缓释片
与安慰剂相比,在重大抑郁症(MDD)和其他精神疾病的短期研究中,与安慰剂相比,儿童,青少年和年轻人的自杀思维和行为(自杀)风险更高。任何考虑在儿童,青少年或年轻人中使用文拉法辛缓释片或任何其他抗抑郁药的人都必须在这种风险与临床需求之间取得平衡。短期研究并未显示与安慰剂相比,超过24岁的成年人服用抗抑郁药自杀的风险增加。与安慰剂相比,在65岁及以上的成年人中,抗抑郁药的风险有所降低。抑郁症和某些其他精神疾病本身与自杀风险增加有关。开始接受抗抑郁治疗的所有年龄段的患者均应接受适当监测,并密切观察其临床恶化,自杀倾向或异常行为改变。应告知家庭和看护人需要与处方者进行密切观察和沟通。 Venlafaxine缓释片剂未获批准用于儿科患者。 [请参阅警告和注意事项(5.1)和患者咨询信息(17.1) ]
Venlafaxine缓释片剂适用于治疗重度抑郁症(MDD)。
在MDD的短期试验和长期试验中均显示了文拉法辛在MDD中的疗效[参见临床研究(14.1) ]。
严重的抑郁发作(DSM-IV)意味着显着且相对持久(几乎每天至少持续2周)的沮丧情绪或几乎所有活动中的兴趣或愉悦感丧失,表示与以前的功能有所不同,包括在相同的两周内至少出现以下9种症状中的5种:情绪低落,对日常活动的兴趣或愉悦性明显降低,体重和/或食欲明显改变,失眠或失眠,精神运动性躁动或发育迟缓,疲劳加剧,有罪恶感或一文不值的感觉,思维减慢或注意力不集中,自杀未遂或自杀念头。
Venlafaxine缓释片剂适用于治疗社交焦虑症(SAD),也称为社交恐惧症,如DSM-IV所定义。
社交焦虑症(DSM-IV)的特征是对一种或多种社交或表现情况的明显且持续的恐惧,在这种情况下,该人会与陌生人接触或可能受到他人的审查。暴露于恐惧状况几乎总是会引起焦虑,这可能接近恐慌发作的强度。避免这种恐惧的情况,或者使之遭受强烈的焦虑或困扰。在恐惧情况下的回避,焦虑预期或困扰会严重干扰该人的正常日常活动,职业或学术功能,社交活动或人际关系,或者对患有恐惧症有明显的困扰。较小程度的表现性焦虑或害羞通常不需要心理药物治疗。
在短期SAD试验中确定了文拉法辛缓释药物在SAD治疗中的功效[参见临床研究(14.2) ]。
Venlafaxine缓释片剂应在每天的大约上午或晚上与食物一起服用。每片药片应全部用液体吞服,不要分开,压碎,咀嚼或放在水中。
严重抑郁症
对于大多数患者,文拉法辛缓释片剂的建议起始剂量为75毫克/天,以单剂量给药。在建立盐酸文拉法辛缓释胶囊在中度抑郁患者中的疗效的临床试验中,文拉法辛的初始剂量为75毫克/天。对于某些患者,可能需要从37.5 mg /天开始持续4到7天,以使新患者在增加至75 mg /天之前适应药物治疗。尽管尚未充分探讨盐酸文拉法辛缓释胶囊的剂量与抗抑郁药反应之间的关系,但对最初的75毫克/天剂量无效的患者可受益于剂量增加至最大约225毫克/天。剂量增加应根据需要增加至75毫克/天,并且间隔应不少于4天,因为大多数患者在第4天即可达到文拉法辛及其主要代谢产物的稳态血浆水平。在确定疗效的临床试验中,允许间隔2周或更长时间向上滴定;平均剂量约为140至180毫克/天[参见临床研究(14) ]。
应当指出的是,对于盐酸文拉法辛速释片,中度抑郁的门诊患者的最大推荐剂量也是225 mg /天,而在该产品开发计划的一项研究中,重度抑郁的患者对平均剂量的反应为350毫克/天(范围从150到375毫克/天)。对于重度抑郁症患者是否需要更高剂量的文拉法辛缓释片尚不清楚;但是,盐酸文拉法辛缓释胶囊剂量高于225 mg /天的经验非常有限。 [请参阅警告和注意事项(5.17) ]
社交焦虑症(社交恐惧症)
推荐剂量为75毫克/天,以单剂量给药。没有证据表明更高剂量可带来任何其他益处。 [请参阅警告和注意事项(5.17) ]
对照试验尚无大量证据表明应使用文拉法辛缓释片治疗重度抑郁症患者多长时间。
一般认为,重度抑郁症的急性发作需要数月或更长时间的持续药理治疗,而不需要对急性发作做出反应。在一项研究中,将盐酸文拉法辛缓释胶囊在急性治疗8周内有反应的患者随机分配给安慰剂或相同剂量的盐酸文拉法辛缓释胶囊(每天75、150或225 mg,qAM )在急性稳定期接受的26周维持治疗期间,显示了较长期的疗效。另一项较长期的研究表明,盐酸文拉法辛速释片可维持复发性重度抑郁症患者的反应,该患者已在治疗的最初26周内缓解并持续改善,然后被随机分配至安慰剂或相同剂量的文拉法辛速释片(最长100天至200毫克/天,按竞标时间表),最长可达52周[见临床研究(14) ] 。基于这些有限的数据,未知维持治疗所需的文拉法辛缓释片剂的剂量是否与实现初始反应所需的剂量相同。应该定期重新评估患者,以确定是否需要维持治疗以及适当的剂量进行治疗。
妊娠晚期孕妇的治疗
在妊娠晚期,暴露于盐酸文拉法辛缓释胶囊,其他SNRI或SSRI的新生儿出现并发症,需要长期住院,呼吸支持和管饲[见特定人群(8.1)] 。在妊娠晚期使用文拉法辛缓释片治疗孕妇时,医生应仔细考虑治疗的潜在风险和益处。
肝功能不全患者
鉴于与正常受试者相比,在肝硬化和轻度和中度肝功能不全的患者中观察到文拉法辛和ODV的清除率降低和消除半衰期增加[参见在特定人群中使用(8.6)和临床药理学(12.3) ],建议将轻度至中度肝功能不全的患者的每日总剂量减少50%。由于肝硬化患者之间的清除率存在很大的个体差异,因此可能有必要将剂量降低甚至超过50%,并且某些患者可能需要个体化剂量。
肾功能不全的患者
鉴于与正常受试者相比,肾功能不全患者(GFR = 10至70 mL / min)观察到文拉法辛的清除率降低,文拉法辛和ODV的消除半衰期增加[请参见在特定人群中使用(8.7 )和临床药理学(12.3) ],建议将每日总剂量减少25%至50%。
对于接受血液透析的患者,建议将每日总剂量减少50%。由于肾功能不全患者之间的清除率存在很大的个体差异,因此某些患者可能需要个体化剂量。
老年患者
不建议仅根据年龄调整老年患者的剂量。与任何用于治疗重性抑郁症或社交焦虑症的药物一样,在治疗老年人时应谨慎行事。个性化剂量时,增加剂量时应格外小心。
盐酸文拉法辛缓释胶囊,其他SNRI和SSRI停用相关的症状已有报道[见警告和注意事项(5.5) ]。停药时应监测患者的这些症状。建议尽可能减少剂量而不是突然停止。如果在剂量降低后或停止治疗后出现无法忍受的症状,则可以考虑恢复先前规定的剂量。随后,医师可以继续降低剂量,但速率逐渐提高。在盐酸文拉法辛缓释胶囊的临床试验中,通过以1周为间隔将每日剂量减少75 mg,从而实现了递减剂量。逐渐变细的个性化可能是必要的。
目前正在接受盐酸文拉法辛速释片治疗剂量治疗的抑郁症患者可以转换为最接近的等效剂量(毫克/天),例如每天两次37.5毫克文拉法辛的文拉法辛缓释片每天一次至75毫克文拉法辛缓释片。但是,可能需要单独调整剂量。
从中止用于治疗精神疾病的MAOI到开始使用文拉法辛缓释片治疗之间应至少间隔14天。相反,在停止使用文拉法辛缓释片剂后,至少应允许7天,然后开始用于治疗精神疾病的MAOI [见禁忌症(4.1) ]。
对于正在接受利奈唑胺或静脉注射亚甲蓝治疗的患者,请勿开始使用文拉法辛缓释片剂,因为这会增加5-羟色胺综合征的风险。对于需要更紧急地治疗精神病的患者,应考虑其他干预措施,包括住院治疗[见禁忌症(4.1) ]。
在某些情况下,已经接受文拉法辛缓释片剂治疗的患者可能需要使用利奈唑胺或静脉注射亚甲蓝进行紧急治疗。如果无法获得利奈唑胺或静脉注射亚甲蓝治疗的可接受替代品,并且已判定利奈唑胺或静脉注射亚甲蓝治疗的潜在益处超过特定患者血清素综合症的风险,应立即停用文拉法辛缓释片剂,利奈唑胺或可以静脉注射亚甲蓝。应连续7天或直到最后一次服用利奈唑胺或静脉注射亚甲蓝之后的24小时(以先到者为准)监测患者的血清素综合征症状。在最后一次服用利奈唑胺或静脉注射亚甲蓝后24小时,可恢复使用文拉法辛缓释片治疗[见警告和注意事项(5.2) ]。
目前尚不清楚通过非静脉途径(例如口服片剂或通过局部注射)或以远低于1 mg / kg的剂量服用文拉法辛缓释片给予亚甲蓝的风险。尽管如此,临床医生仍应注意使用此类药物可能会出现5-羟色胺综合征的症状[见警告和注意事项(5.2) ]。
Venlafaxine缓释片剂的可用方式为:
由于5-羟色胺综合征的风险增加,因此禁止使用文拉法辛缓释片治疗精神疾病或在停止使用文拉法辛缓释片治疗后的7天内使用MAOI。也禁止在停止用于治疗精神疾病的MAOI的14天内使用文拉法辛缓释片剂。 [参见剂量和管理(2.6)和警告和注意事项(5.2) ]。
由于使用5-羟色胺综合征的风险增加,因此也禁止使用正在接受MAOI(如利奈唑胺或静脉注射亚甲蓝)治疗的患者中的文拉法辛缓释片剂[参见剂量和管理(2.7)和警告和注意事项(5.2) ]。
无论是成人还是儿童,无论是成人还是小儿,患有严重抑郁症(MDD)的患者都可能经历抑郁症的恶化和/或自杀意念和行为(自杀性)的出现或行为的异常变化,无论是否服用抗抑郁药,风险可能会持续到出现重大缓解。自杀是抑郁症和某些其他精神疾病的已知风险,而这些疾病本身是自杀的最强预测因子。然而,长期以来人们一直担心,抗抑郁药可能在治疗的早期阶段在某些患者中引起抑郁症的恶化和自杀倾向的出现。对抗抑郁药(SSRIs和其他药物)的短期安慰剂对照试验的汇总分析表明,这些药物会增加患有严重抑郁症的儿童,青少年和年轻人(18至24岁)的自杀思维和行为(自杀)的风险。疾病(MDD)和其他精神疾病。短期研究并未显示与安慰剂相比,超过24岁的成年人服用抗抑郁药自杀的风险增加。与安慰剂相比,在65岁及以上的成年人中抗抑郁药的含量有所下降。
对患有MDD,强迫症(OCD)或其他精神疾病的儿童和青少年进行的安慰剂对照试验的汇总分析包括对超过4,400名患者的9种抗抑郁药的总共24项短期试验。对患有MDD或其他精神疾病的成人进行的安慰剂对照试验的汇总分析包括对7.7万名患者中的11种抗抑郁药进行的总共295项短期试验(中位持续时间2个月)。
药物自杀的风险差异很大,但几乎所有研究的药物,年轻患者的发病率都有增加的趋势。在不同适应症中自杀的绝对风险存在差异,其中MDD的发生率最高。但是,风险差异(药物与安慰剂)在年龄分层内和跨适应症相对稳定。表1列出了这些风险差异(药物-安慰剂在每1,000名患者中自杀性病例数的差异)。
年龄范围 | 药物安慰剂每千名接受治疗的自杀患者的数量差异 |
---|---|
与安慰剂相比增加 | |
<18 | 其他14种情况 |
18至24 | 另外5种情况 |
与安慰剂相比下降 | |
25至64 | 少1个案例 |
≥65 | 少6例 |
在任何儿科试验中均未发生自杀。成人试验中有自杀,但数量不足以得出有关自杀药作用的任何结论。
自杀风险是否会扩展到长期使用(即超过数月)尚不清楚。但是,在患有抑郁症的成人中进行的安慰剂对照维持试验的大量证据表明,使用抗抑郁药可以延缓抑郁症的复发。
应适当监测所有接受抗抑郁药治疗的患者的任何适应症,并密切观察其临床恶化,自杀倾向和异常行为变化,尤其是在药物治疗过程的最初几个月中,或在剂量变化时,无论是否增加或减少。
在成年和儿科患者中也有以下症状,焦虑,激动,惊恐发作,失眠,易怒,敌意,攻击性,冲动性,静坐不安(精神运动性躁动不安),躁狂症和躁狂症,也已报告了接受抗抑郁药治疗的重性抑郁症患者。至于其他适应症,包括精神病和非精神病。尽管这种症状的出现与抑郁症的恶化和/或自杀性冲动的出现之间的因果关系尚未建立,但令人担忧的是,此类症状可能是自杀倾向的先兆。
对于抑郁持续恶化或正在出现自杀倾向或可能是抑郁或自杀倾向加剧的症状的患者,应考虑改变治疗方案,包括可能中止用药,尤其是在这些症状严重,突然的情况下发病或不是患者出现症状的一部分。
如果已决定中止治疗,则应尽速使药物逐渐服药,但应认识到突然中止可能与某些症状相关[见剂量和用法(2.5)和警告和注意事项(5.5) ]。
应提醒正在接受抗抑郁药治疗严重抑郁症或其他精神病和非精神病患者的家属和照顾者注意需要监测患者出现的躁动,烦躁,行为异常变化以及上述其他症状的情况,以及自杀倾向的出现,并立即向医护人员报告此类症状。这种监测应包括家庭和看护者的日常观察。文拉法辛缓释片的处方应尽量减少片剂的用量,以符合患者的良好管理要求,以减少用药过量的风险。
严重的抑郁发作可能是双相情感障碍的最初表现。通常认为(尽管尚未在对照试验中建立),仅用抗抑郁药治疗此类发作可能会增加患有双相情感障碍风险的患者出现混合性/躁狂发作的可能性。上述症状是否代表这种转换尚不清楚。但是,在开始使用抗抑郁药治疗之前,应对具有抑郁症状的患者进行充分筛查,以确定他们是否有患双相情感障碍的风险;此类筛查应包括详细的精神病史,包括自杀,双相情感障碍和抑郁症的家族史。应该注意的是,文拉法辛缓释片剂未获批准用于治疗双相抑郁症。
单独使用SNRI和SSRI(包括文拉法辛缓释片)已报道了潜在威胁生命的血清素综合征的发展,尤其是与其他血清素能药物(包括曲普坦,三环抗抑郁药,芬太尼,锂,曲马多,色氨酸,苯吡酮,苯丙胺和圣约翰草),以及会削弱5-羟色胺代谢的药物(尤其是MAOI,既用于治疗精神疾病的药物,也包括其他药物,如利奈唑胺和静脉注射亚甲蓝)。
5-羟色胺综合征的症状可能包括精神状态变化(例如,躁动,幻觉,del妄和昏迷),自主神经不稳定(例如,心动过速,不稳定的血压,头晕,出汗,潮红,体温过高),神经肌肉症状(例如,震颤,僵硬,肌阵挛,反射亢进,不协调),癫痫发作和/或胃肠道症状(例如恶心,呕吐,腹泻)。应监测患者血清素综合症的出现。
禁止将文拉法辛缓释片与用于治疗精神疾病的MAOI并用。对于正在接受利奈唑胺或静脉注射亚甲蓝等MAOI治疗的患者,也不应开始使用文拉法辛缓释片剂。提供有关给药途径信息的所有亚甲基蓝报告均涉及1 mg / kg至8 mg / kg剂量范围内的静脉内给药。没有报道涉及通过其他途径(如口服片剂或局部组织注射)或以较低剂量给予亚甲蓝。
在某些情况下,服用文拉法辛缓释片剂的患者有必要开始使用MAOI(如利奈唑胺或静脉注射亚甲蓝)进行治疗。在开始用MAOI治疗之前,应停用文拉法辛缓释片剂。 [参见禁忌症(4.1)和剂量和给药方法(2.6和2.7) ]。
如果临床上需要同时使用文拉法辛缓释片剂和其他血清素药物,包括曲坦类,三环类抗抑郁药,芬太尼,锂,曲马多,丁螺环酮,色氨酸,苯丙胺和圣约翰草,则患者应意识到潜在的风险增加5-羟色胺综合征,特别是在治疗开始和剂量增加期间。
如果发生上述事件,应立即停用文拉法辛缓释片和任何伴随的5-羟色胺能药物的治疗,并应开始对症治疗。
盐酸文拉法辛缓释胶囊治疗与持续性高血压有关(定义为连续3次就诊时出现的高于基线水平≥90 mm Hg和≥10 mm Hg的治疗性仰卧舒张压(SDBP)(参见表2)。
对盐酸文拉法辛速释片研究中符合持续高血压标准的患者进行的分析显示,盐酸文拉法辛速释片的持续性高血压发生率呈剂量依赖性增加(见表3)。
数量不足的患者接受平均剂量超过300 mg /天的盐酸文拉法辛缓释胶囊,无法全面评估这些较高剂量下血压持续升高的发生率。
严重抑郁症(每天75至375毫克) | 其他临床试验(75至225 mg /天) |
---|---|
19/705(3) | 5/771(0.6) |
文拉法辛mg /天 | 发生率 |
---|---|
<100 | 3% |
> 100至≤200 | 5% |
> 200至≤300 | 7% |
> 300 | 13% |
在上市前的重大抑郁症研究中,盐酸文拉法辛缓释胶囊治疗的患者中有0.7%(5/705)因血压升高而中止治疗。在这些患者中,大多数血压升高都处于中等范围(12至16 mm Hg,SDBP)。在其他临床研究中,0.6%(5/771)的盐酸文拉法辛缓释胶囊治疗的患者因血压升高而中止治疗。在这些患者中,血压升高幅度不大(1至24 mm Hg,SDBP)。
SDBP持续增加可能会产生不利后果。上市后的经验报道了需要立即治疗的血压升高病例。
使用文拉法辛治疗之前,应控制已有的高血压。建议接受文拉法辛缓释片剂的患者定期监测血压。对于接受文拉法辛时血压持续升高的患者,应考虑减少剂量或停药。
收缩压和舒张压升高
在安慰剂对照的上市前研究中,平均血压发生了变化(仰卧位收缩压和仰卧位舒张压的平均变化见表4)。在大多数适应症中,盐酸文拉法辛缓释胶囊治疗患者的仰卧收缩压和舒张压明显与剂量有关。
盐酸文拉法辛缓释胶囊mg / day | 安慰剂 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
≤75 | > 75 | 党卫队 | SDBP | |||
SSBP * | SDBP† | 党卫队 | SDBP | |||
| ||||||
严重抑郁症 8至12周 | -0.28 | 0.37 | 2.93 | 3.56 | -1.08 | -0.10 |
其他临床试验 12周 | -0.29 | -1.26 | 1.18 | 1.34 | -1.96 | -1.22 |
在所有临床试验中,盐酸文拉法辛缓释胶囊治疗组中有1.4%的患者舒张压升高且血压≥105mm Hg时≥15 mm Hg,而安慰剂组为0.9%。同样,盐酸文拉法辛缓释胶囊治疗组中有1%的患者的血压≥180mm Hg时仰卧收缩压升高了≥20 mm Hg,而安慰剂组为0.3%。
闭角型青光眼:使用许多抗抑郁药(包括文拉法辛)后发生的瞳孔扩张可能会导致解剖角度狭窄的未进行虹膜切除术的患者发生闭角发作。
已经对服用文拉法辛的患者的停药症状进行了系统评估,包括临床试验的前瞻性分析和重大抑郁症和社交焦虑症试验的回顾性调查。已发现各种剂量的文拉法辛突然停药或剂量减少与出现新症状有关,新症状的出现频率随剂量水平的提高和治疗时间的延长而增加。报告的症状包括躁动,厌食,焦虑,混乱,协调和平衡受损,腹泻,头晕,口干,烦躁不安,束缚,疲劳,头痛,躁狂,失眠,恶心,神经质,噩梦,感觉障碍(包括类似电击的电击)感觉),嗜睡,出汗,震颤,眩晕和呕吐。
在销售盐酸文拉法辛缓释胶囊,其他SNRI(5-羟色胺和去甲肾上腺素再摄取抑制剂)和SSRI(选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂)期间,有自发的报道,这些药物停用后会出现不良反应,尤其是当突然停用时,包括下列情况:烦躁不安,烦躁不安,躁动,头晕,感觉障碍(例如感觉异常,如电击感觉),焦虑,精神错乱,头痛,嗜睡,情绪不稳,失眠,轻躁狂,耳鸣和癫痫发作。虽然这些反应通常是自限性的,但有报告称出现严重的停药症状。
当停用文拉法辛缓释片治疗时,应监测患者的这些症状。建议尽可能减少剂量而不是突然停止。如果在剂量降低后或停止治疗后出现无法忍受的症状,则可以考虑恢复先前规定的剂量。随后,医师可以继续降低剂量,但以更渐进的速率[参见剂量和给药方法(2.4) ]。
在短期重度抑郁症和其他临床研究的汇总分析中,相比于安慰剂,盐酸文拉法辛缓释胶囊治疗的患者出现治疗性失眠和神经质的情况更为常见,如表5所示。
严重抑郁症 | 其他试用 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
盐酸文拉法辛缓释胶囊 | 安慰剂 | 盐酸文拉法辛缓释胶囊 | 安慰剂 | |
症状 | n = 357 | n = 285 | N = 819 | n = 695 |
失眠 | 17% | 11% | 24% | 8% |
紧张 | 10% | 5% | 10% | 5% |
在主要的抑郁症研究中,失眠和神经质均导致0.9%的盐酸文拉法辛缓释胶囊治疗的患者停药。
在其他临床试验中,失眠和神经质分别导致接受盐酸文拉法辛缓释胶囊治疗长达12周的患者中有2%和1%停用药物。
成年患者:在短期安慰剂对照的重度抑郁症试验中,使用文拉法辛盐酸盐缓释胶囊治疗的患者中有7%体重减轻了5%以上,而安慰剂治疗的患者中有2%发生了体重减轻。在主要的抑郁症研究中,与文拉法辛盐酸盐缓释胶囊相关的体重减轻中断率为0.1%。在其他安慰剂对照试验中,使用盐酸文拉法辛缓释胶囊治疗的患者中有4%,在接受安慰剂治疗的6个月中,有1%的患者体重减轻了7%以上。在其他研究中,没有接受盐酸文拉法辛缓释胶囊治疗的患者因体重减轻而停药。
尚未确定文拉法辛与减肥药(包括芬特明)联合使用的安全性和有效性。不建议同时使用文拉法辛缓释片剂和减肥药。 Venlafaxine缓释片剂未单独或与其他产品组合用于减肥。
小儿患者:接受盐酸文拉法辛缓释胶囊的小儿患者(6至17岁)体重减轻。在针对重度抑郁症(MDD)和另一种疾病的四项为期八周,双盲,安慰剂对照,灵活剂量的门诊试验的汇总分析中,接受盐酸文拉法辛缓释胶囊治疗的患者平均损失0.45 kg(n = 333),而接受安慰剂治疗的患者平均增加了0.77公斤(n = 333)。在研究中,盐酸文拉法辛缓释胶囊治疗的患者比安慰剂治疗的患者体重减轻至少3.5%(盐酸文拉法辛缓释胶囊治疗的患者为18%,而安慰剂治疗的患者为3.6%; p < 0.001)。在一项针对另一种疾病的为期16周,双盲,安慰剂对照,灵活剂量的门诊研究中,盐酸文拉法辛缓释胶囊治疗的患者平均体重减轻0.75千克(n = 137),而安慰剂治疗的患者平均体重减轻了0.75 kg。平均0.76公斤(n = 148)。在该研究中,盐酸文拉法辛缓释胶囊治疗的患者比安慰剂治疗的患者至少减轻了3.5%的体重(盐酸文拉法辛缓释胶囊治疗的患者为47%,而安慰剂治疗的患者为14%; p < 0.001)。体重减轻不仅限于出现治疗性厌食症的患者[参见警告和注意事项(5.9) ]。
在一项开放标签的MDD研究中,对接受盐酸文拉法辛缓释胶囊长达六个月的儿童和青少年进行了评估,评估了长期服用盐酸文拉法辛缓释胶囊相关的风险。根据年龄和性别匹配的同龄人的数据,研究中的儿童和青少年的体重增加小于预期。儿童(<12岁)的观察到的体重增加与预期体重增加之间的差异大于青少年(≥12岁)。
儿科患者:在为期八周的安慰剂对照非MDD研究中,盐酸文拉法辛缓释胶囊治疗的患者(6至17岁)平均增长0.3厘米(n = 122),而安慰剂治疗的患者则增长了0.3厘米(n = 122)。平均1.0厘米(n = 132); p = 0.041。身高增加的这种差异在12岁以下的患者中最为明显。在为期八周的安慰剂对照MDD研究中,盐酸文拉法辛缓释胶囊治疗的患者平均生长0.8厘米(n = 146),而安慰剂治疗的患者平均生长0.7厘米(n = 147)。在为期16周的安慰剂对照非MDD研究中,盐酸文拉法辛缓释胶囊治疗的患者(n = 109)和安慰剂治疗的患者(n = 112)均平均增长1.0厘米。在为期六个月的开放标签MDD研究中,儿童和青少年的身高增长低于根据年龄和性别相匹配的同龄人的数据得出的预期。儿童(<12岁)的观察到的增长率与预期增长率之间的差异大于青少年(≥12岁)。
成年患者:在短期,双盲,安慰剂对照的治疗池中,盐酸文拉法辛缓释胶囊治疗的患者(8%)比安慰剂治疗的患者(4%)更常见于治疗紧急性厌食重大抑郁症研究。在主要的抑郁症研究中,与盐酸文拉法辛缓释胶囊相关的厌食症的终止率为1.0%。在短期,双盲,安慰剂控制的社交焦虑症患者中,使用文拉法辛盐酸盐缓释胶囊治疗的患者(20%)比安慰剂治疗的患者(2%)更常出现治疗性厌食学习。在社交焦虑症研究中,接受盐酸文拉法辛缓释胶囊长达12周的患者的厌食中断率为0.4%。
儿科患者:接受盐酸文拉法辛缓释胶囊的儿科患者食欲下降。在MDD和另一种疾病的安慰剂对照试验中,接受盐酸文拉法辛缓释胶囊治疗的6至17岁患者中有10%长达八周,而接受安慰剂治疗的患者中有3%出现了治疗性厌食症(食欲下降)。接受盐酸文拉法辛缓释胶囊治疗的患者均无因厌食或体重减轻而停药。
在安慰剂对照的非MDD试验中,分别使用盐酸文拉法辛缓释胶囊和安慰剂治疗长达16周的8-17岁患者中,分别有22%和3%的患者出现了治疗性厌食症(食欲下降)。盐酸文拉法辛缓释胶囊和安慰剂患者的厌食中断率分别为0.7%和0.0%。 the discontinuation rates for weight loss were 0.7% for patients receiving either venlafaxine hydrochloride extended-release capsules or placebo.
During premarketing major depressive disorder studies, mania or hypomania occurred in 0.3% of patients treated with venlafaxine hydrochloride extended-release capsules and 0.0% placebo patients. In premarketing Social Anxiety Disorder studies, no patients treated with venlafaxine hydrochloride extended-release capsules and no placebo-treated patients experienced mania or hypomania. In all premarketing major depressive disorder trials with venlafaxine hydrochloride immediate-release tablets, mania or hypomania occurred in 0.5% of venlafaxine-treated patients compared with 0% of placebo patients. Mania/hypomania has also been reported in a small proportion of patients with mood disorders who were treated with other marketed drugs to treat major depressive disorder. As with all drugs effective in the treatment of major depressive disorder, venlafaxine extended-release tablets should be used cautiously in patients with a history of mania.
Hyponatremia may occur as a result of treatment with SSRI's and SNRI's, including venlafaxine extended-release tablets. In many cases, this hyponatremia appears to be the result of the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH). Cases with serum sodium lower than 110 mmol/L have been reported. Elderly patients may be at greater risk of developing hyponatremia with SSRIs and SNRIs. Also, patients taking diuretics or who are otherwise volume depleted may be at greater risk [ see Use in Specific Populations (8.5) ]. Discontinuation of venlafaxine extended-release tablets should be considered in patients with symptomatic hyponatremia and appropriate medical intervention should be instituted.
Signs and symptoms of hyponatremia include headache, difficulty concentrating, memory impairment, confusion, weakness, and unsteadiness, which may lead to falls. Signs and symptoms associated with more severe and/or acute cases have included hallucination, syncope, seizure, coma, respiratory arrest, and death.
During premarketing experience, no seizures occurred among 705 patients treated with venlafaxine hydrochloride extended-release capsules in the major depressive disorder studies or among 277 patients treated with venlafaxine hydrochloride extended-release capsules in Social Anxiety Disorder studies. In all premarketing major depressive disorder trials with venlafaxine hydrochloride immediate-release tablets, seizures were reported at various doses in 0.3% (8/3,082) of venlafaxine-treated patients. Venlafaxine extended-release tablets, like many antidepressants, should be used cautiously in patients with a history of seizures and should be discontinued in any patient who develops seizures.
SSRIs and SNRIs, including venlafaxine extended-release tablets, may increase the risk of bleeding events. Concomitant use of aspirin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, warfarin, and other anticoagulants may add to this risk. Case reports and epidemiological studies (case-control and cohort design) have demonstrated an association between use of drugs that interfere with serotonin reuptake and the occurrence of gastrointestinal bleeding. Bleeding events related to SSRIs and SNRIs use have ranged from ecchymoses, hematomas, epistaxis, and petechiae to life-threatening hemorrhages.
Patients should be cautioned about the risk of bleeding associated with the concomitant use of venlafaxine extended-release tablets and NSAIDs, aspirin, or other drugs that affect coagulation.
Clinically relevant increases in serum cholesterol were recorded in 5.3% of venlafaxine-treated patients and 0.0% of placebo-treated patients treated for at least 3 months in placebo-controlled trials [ see Adverse Reactions (6.1) ]. Measurement of serum cholesterol levels should be considered during long-term treatment.
Interstitial lung disease and eosinophilic pneumonia associated with venlafaxine therapy have been rarely reported. The possibility of these adverse reactions should be considered in venlafaxine-treated patients who present with progressive dyspnea, cough or chest discomfort. Such patients should undergo a prompt medical evaluation, and discontinuation of venlafaxine therapy should be considered.
Premarketing experience with venlafaxine in patients with concomitant systemic illness is limited. Caution is advised in administering venlafaxine extended-release tablets to patients with diseases or conditions that could affect hemodynamic responses.
Venlafaxine has not been evaluated or used to any appreciable extent in patients with a recent history of myocardial infarction or unstable heart disease. Patients with these diagnoses were systematically excluded from many clinical studies during venlafaxine's premarketing testing. The electrocardiograms were analyzed for 275 patients who received venlafaxine hydrochloride extended-release capsules and 220 patients who received placebo in 8- to 12-week double-blind, placebo-controlled trials in major depressive disorder as well as for 195 patients who received venlafaxine hydrochloride extended-release capsules and 228 patients who received placebo in 12-week double-blind, placebo-controlled trials in Social Anxiety Disorder. The mean change from baseline in corrected QT interval (QTc) for patients treated with venlafaxine hydrochloride extended-release capsules in major depressive disorder studies was increased relative to that for placebo-treated patients (increase of 4.7 msec for venlafaxine hydrochloride extended-release capsules and decrease of 1.9 msec for placebo). The mean change from baseline in QTc for patients treated with venlafaxine hydrochloride extended-release capsules in the Social Anxiety Disorder studies was increased relative to that for placebo-treated patients (increase of 2.8 msec for venlafaxine hydrochloride extended-release capsules and decrease of 2.0 msec for placebo).
In these same trials, the mean change from baseline in heart rate for patients treated with venlafaxine hydrochloride extended-release capsules in the major depressive disorder studies was significantly higher than that for placebo (a mean increase of 4 beats per minute for venlafaxine hydrochloride extended-release capsules and 1 beat per minute for placebo). The mean change from baseline in heart rate for patients treated with venlafaxine hydrochloride extended-release capsules in the Social Anxiety Disorder studies was significantly higher than that for placebo (a mean increase of 5 beats per minute for venlafaxine hydrochloride extended-release capsules and no change for placebo).
In a flexible-dose study, with doses of venlafaxine hydrochloride immediate-release tablets in the range of 200 to 375 mg/day and mean dose greater than 300 mg/day, patients treated with venlafaxine hydrochloride immediate-release tablets had a mean increase in heart rate of 8.5 beats per minute compared with 1.7 beats per minute in the placebo group.
As increases in heart rate were observed, caution should be exercised in patients whose underlying medical conditions might be compromised by increases in heart rate (eg, patients with hyperthyroidism, heart failure, or recent myocardial infarction).
Evaluation of the electrocardiograms for 769 patients who received venlafaxine hydrochloride immediate-release tablets in 4- to 6-week double-blind, placebo-controlled trials showed that the incidence of trial-emergent conduction abnormalities did not differ from that with placebo.
There are no specific laboratory tests recommended.
Data Sources
The information included in subsection "Adverse Findings Observed in Short-Term, Placebo- Controlled Studies with Venlafaxine Hydrochloride Extended-Release Capsules" is based on data from a pool of three 8- and 12-week controlled clinical trials in major depressive disorder (includes two US trials and one European trial), and on data up to 12 weeks from a pool of two controlled clinical trials in Social Anxiety Disorder. Information on additional adverse reactions associated with venlafaxine hydrochloride extended-release capsules in the entire development program for the formulation and with venlafaxine hydrochloride immediate-release tablets is included in the subsection "Other Adverse Reactions Observed During the Premarketing Evaluation of Venlafaxine Hydrochloride Immediate-Release Tablets and Venlafaxine Hydrochloride Extended-Release Capsules" [ see also Warnings and Precautions (5) ].
由于临床试验是在广泛不同的条件下进行的,因此无法将在某种药物的临床试验中观察到的不良反应率直接与另一种药物在临床试验中观察到的不良反应率进行比较,并且可能无法反映实际中观察到的不良反应率。
Adverse Findings Observed in Short-Term, Placebo-Controlled Studies with Venlafaxine Hydrochloride Extended-Release Capsules
Adverse Reactions Associated with Discontinuation of Treatment
Major Depressive Disorder : Approximately 11% of the 357 patients who received venlafaxine hydrochloride extended-release capsules in placebo-controlled clinical trials for major depressive disorder discontinued treatment due to an adverse reaction, compared with 6% of the 285 placebo-treated patients in those studies. Adverse reactions that led to treatment discontinuation in a least 2% of drug-treated patients were nausea, dizziness, and somnolence.
Social Anxiety Disorder : Approximately 17% of the 277 patients who received venlafaxine hydrochloride extended-release capsules in placebo-controlled clinical trials for Social Anxiety Disorder discontinued treatment due to an adverse reaction, compared with 5% of the 274 placebo-treated patients in those studies. Adverse reactions that led to treatment discontinuation in a least 2% of drug-treated patients were nausea, insomnia, impotence, headache, dizziness, and somnolence.
Adverse Reactions Occurring at an Incidence of 5% or More
Major Depressive Disorder : Note in particular the following adverse reactions that occurred in at least 5% of the patients receiving venlafaxine hydrochloride extended-release capsules and at a rate at least twice that of the placebo group for all placebo-controlled trials for the major depressive disorder indication (see Table 6): Abnormal ejaculation, gastrointestinal complaints (nausea, dry mouth, and anorexia), CNS complaints (dizziness, somnolence, and abnormal dreams), and sweating. In the two US placebo-controlled trials, the following additional reactions occurred in at least 5% of patients treated with venlafaxine hydrochloride extended-release capsules (n = 192) and at a rate at least twice that of the placebo group: Abnormalities of sexual function (impotence in men, anorgasmia in women, and libido decreased), gastrointestinal complaints (constipation and flatulence), CNS complaints (insomnia, nervousness, and tremor), problems of special senses (abnormal vision), cardiovascular effects (hypertension and vasodilatation), and yawning.
Social Anxiety Disorder : Note in particular the following adverse reactions that occurred in at least 5% of the patients receiving venlafaxine hydrochloride extended-release capsules and at a rate at least twice that of the placebo group for the 2 placebo-controlled trials for the Social Anxiety Disorder indication (see Table 7): Asthenia, gastrointestinal complaints (anorexia, constipation, dry mouth, nausea), CNS complaints (dizziness, insomnia, libido decreased, nervousness, somnolence), abnormalities of sexual function (abnormal ejaculation, impotence, libido decreased, orgasmic dysfunction), yawn, sweating, and abnormal vision.
Adverse Reactions Occurring at an Incidence of 2% or More Among Patients Treated with Venlafaxine Hydrochloride Extended-Release Capsules
Tables 6 and 7 enumerate the incidence, rounded to the nearest percent, of adverse reactions that occurred during acute therapy of major depressive disorder (up to 12 weeks; dose range of 75 mg/day to 225 mg/day) and of Social Anxiety Disorder (up to 12 weeks; dose range of 75 mg/day to 225 mg/day), respectively, in 2% or more of patients treated with venlafaxine hydrochloride extended-release capsules where the incidence in patients treated with venlafaxine hydrochloride extended-release capsules was greater than the incidence for the respective placebo-treated patients. The table shows the percentage of patients in each group who had at least one episode of a reaction at some time during their treatment. Reported adverse reactions were classified using a standard COSTART-based Dictionary terminology.
The prescriber should be aware that these figures cannot be used to predict the incidence of adverse reactions in the course of usual medical practice where patient characteristics and other factors differ from those which prevailed in the clinical trials. Similarly, the cited frequencies cannot be compared with figures obtained from other clinical investigations involving different treatments, uses and investigators. The cited figures, however, do provide the prescribing physician with some basis for estimating the relative contribution of drug and nondrug factors to the adverse reaction incidence rate in the population studied.
% Reporting Reaction | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
身体系统 首选条款 | Venlafaxine Hydrochloride Extended-Release Capsules | 安慰剂 | ||||||
(n = 357) | (n = 285) | |||||||
| ||||||||
身体整体 | ||||||||
虚弱 | 8% | 7% | ||||||
心血管系统 | ||||||||
Vasodilatation‡ | 4% | 2% | ||||||
高血压 | 4% | 1% | ||||||
消化系统 | ||||||||
恶心 | 31% | 12% | ||||||
便秘 | 8% | 5% | ||||||
厌食症 | 8% | 4% | ||||||
Vomiting | 4% | 2% | ||||||
肠胃气胀 | 4% | 3% | ||||||
代谢/营养 | ||||||||
减肥 | 3% | 0% | ||||||
神经系统 | ||||||||
Dizziness | 20% | 9% | ||||||
嗜睡 | 17% | 8% | ||||||
失眠 | 17% | 11% | ||||||
Dry Mouth | 12% | 6% | ||||||
紧张 | 10% | 5% | ||||||
Abnormal Dreams§ |
具有高度临床意义。避免组合;互动的风险大于收益。 | |
具有中等临床意义。通常避免组合;仅在特殊情况下使用。 | |
临床意义不大。降低风险;评估风险并考虑使用替代药物,采取措施规避相互作用风险和/或制定监测计划。 | |
没有可用的互动信息。 |